Resisting Situational Influences and Celebrating Heroism
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and uniforms, came to have so powerful an impact on all those caught up in its
system.
At a conceptual level, I have proposed that we give greater consideration and
more weight to situational and systemic processes than we typically do when we
are trying to account for aberrant behaviors and seeming personality changes.
Human behavior is always subject to situational forces. This context is embedded
within a larger, macrocosmic one, often a particular power system that is de-
signed to maintain and sustain itself. Traditional analyses by most people, includ-
ing those in legal, religious, and medical institutions, focus on the actor as the sole
causal agent. Consequently, they minimize or disregard the impact of situational
variables and systemic determinants that shape behavioral outcomes and trans-
form actors.
Hopefully, the examples and supporting information in this book will chal-
lenge the rigid Fundamental Attribution Error that locates the inner qualities of
people as the main source of their actions. We have added the need to recognize
both the power of situations and the behavioral scaffolding provided by the Sys-
tem that crafts and upholds the social context.
We have journeyed from a make-believe prison to the nightmare reality that
was Iraq's Abu Ghraib Prison. Surprising parallels emerged between the social
psychological processes at work in both of those prisons, the mock one and the
all-too-real one. In Abu Ghraib, our analytical spotlight focused on one young
man, Staff Sergeant Ivan Chip Frederick, who made a dual transformation: from
good soldier to bad prison guard and then to suffering prisoner. Our analysis re-
vealed, just as in the Stanford Prison Experiment, the dispositional, situational,
and systemic factors that played a crucial role in fostering the abuse and torture
that Frederick and other military and civilian personnel heaped on the prisoners
in their custody.
I moved then from my position as an impartial social science researcher to as-
sume the role of a prosecutor. In doing so, I exposed to you, readers-as-jurors, the
crimes of the top brass in the military command and in the Bush administration
that make them complicit in creating the conditions that in turn made possible
such wide-ranging wanton abuse and torture throughout most U.S. military pris-
ons. As noted repeatedly, the view I have provided does not negate the responsibil-
ity of these MPs, nor their guilt; explanation and understanding do not excuse
such misdeeds. Rather, understanding how the events happened and appreciat-
ing what were the situational forces operating on the soldiers can lead to proac-
tive ways to modify the circumstances that elicit such unacceptable behavior.
Punishing is not enough. "Bad systems" create "bad situations" create "bad ap-
ples" create "bad behaviors," even in good people.
For the last time, let's define Person, Situation, and System. The Person is an
actor on the stage of life whose behavioral freedom is informed by his or her
makeup—genetic, biological, physical, and psychological. The Situation is the be-
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