participated in detainee abuse, and/or violated established interrogation proce-
dures and applicable law."
4 1
We will review both generals' reports more fully
in the next chapter to highlight our focus on system failures and command com-
plicity in the abuses.
The Night of O c t o b e r 25, 2003
Around midnight on Tier 1 A, three Iraqi detainees were dragged from their cells,
made to crawl on the floor naked, chained together, and forced into simulated
sexual acts. One of the abuse photos shows this cluster of prisoners surrounded
by about seven soldiers looking down on them. The key protagonists were an in-
terrogator, Ramon Kroll, and MI Specialist Armin Cruz. Among those identified
Abu Ghraib's Abuses and T o r t u r e s
359
as a passive observer was MP Ken Davis. He watched it all and just walked away
from it (forever sorry now that he did not intervene immediately). Another ob-
server was MI Reservist Israel Rivera, who described it as a Lord of the Flies inci-
dent. He also did not intervene, but the next day Rivera blew the whistle on Cruz
and Kroll. They were subsequently court-martialed, with Cruz getting eight
months in prison and Kroll ten months in detention. Cruz's father had been the
first Cuban to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point.
Graner was also reported to have taken part in this incident but was not singled
out as one of the abusers.
The trigger of this particular abuse was the rumor circulating that these pris-
oners had raped a boy detainee, and this was payback for that offense. Frederick
also noted that he too had been upset by this incident because he had complained
to superiors that such rapes would happen if youths were housed with adult pris-
oners. Ironically, a subsequent military investigation indicated that the rumor
was false, or at least that these three prisoners had not been involved in any rape.
A powerful documentary about this event as an example of the night shift
abuses was aired by the Canadian Broadcast Company's Fifth Estate television
news (November 1 6 , 2 0 0 5 ) . The full story, with moving testimonies and detailed
background, is available from its website (see Notes).
4 2
The Graner Catalyst
Reserve Corporal Charles Graner is to the Abu Ghraib Prison night shift what our
"John Wayne" guard was to the night shift in the Stanford prison. Both were cata-
lysts for making things happen. "John Wayne" went far beyond the margins of
the role assigned him as he concocted "little experiments" of his own. Corporal
Graner far exceeded his role in abusing prisoners both physically and psychologi-
cally. Significantly, both Graner and "John Wayne" are charismatic characters
who radiated confidence and a tough-nosed, no-nonsense attitude that influ-
enced others on their shift. Although Staff Sergeant Frederick was his military su-
perior, Graner really took charge of Tier 1A even when Chip was present. It seems
as though the original idea of taking the photos came from him, and many of the
photos were made with his digital camera.
Graner, a member of the Marine Corps Reserve, had served as a prison guard
in the Persian Gulf War—without incident. During Operation Desert Storm he
worked the largest prisoner-of-war camp for about six weeks, again without inci-
dent. "He was one of the guys who kept our spirits up," a member of that com-
pany recalled. Another buddy remembered Graner as "a funny guy, outgoing,
and quick to crack a joke." He added. "From what I saw, he did not have a ma-
levolent side." However, according to another member of Graner's unit, a poten-
tially violent confrontation between him and some other soldiers with Iraqi
prisoners was averted solely by field commanders who took charge and directed
the unit's well-disciplined soldiers to take over.
A longtime neighbor who had known Graner for thirty years added to the
360
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