T H E " T R O P H Y P H O T O S " : DIGITALLY D O C U M E N T E D D E P R A V I T Y
In wars between nations and in confrontations with criminals, soldiers, police,
and prison guards have often been brutal in their abuse, torture, and murder of
their "enemies," suspects, or captives. Such actions are to be expected (but not ac-
cepted) in war zones, when lives are risked in the line of duty and when "foreign-
ers" conduct the abuse against our soldiers. We do not expect or accept such
Abu Ghraib's Abuses and T o r t u r e s
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behavior by agents of democratic governments when there is no imminent threat
to their lives and when captives are vulnerable and unarmed.
Accordingly, many Americans were distressed some years back, in March
1 9 9 1 , when a televised videotape showed a group of Los Angeles police officers
(LAPD) repeatedly beating an unarmed African-American motorist, Rodney
King. More than fifty blows of their nightsticks were inflicted upon him as he lay
on the ground helpless, while two dozen law enforcement officers watched the
beating, and some of them assisted in holding King down by placing their feet on
his back.
In her analysis of the power of visual images in modern society, novelist
Susan Sontag wrote:
For a long time—at least six decades—photographs have laid down the
tracks of how important conflicts are judged and remembered. The West-
ern memory museum is now mostly a visual one. Photographs have an in-
superable power to determine what we recall of events, and it now seems
probable that the defining association of people everywhere with the war
that the United States launched pre-emptively in Iraq last year will be pho-
tographs of the torture of Iraqi prisoners by Americans in the most infa-
mous of Saddam Hussein's prisons, Abu Ghraib.
5 1
Sontag went on to highlight the content of those images as indicative of the
worst excesses of a culture grown shameless as its citizens are exposed daily to TV
shows like Jerry Springer's and others where participants are vying to humiliate
themselves publicly. She indicts American culture as one that admires unre-
strained power and dominance. Sontag illustrates its shamelessness further with
reference to the Pentagon's "Shock and Awe" label of its assault against Baghdad
in March 2 0 0 3 in advance of the battle. (Since then, some critics have proposed
an alternative of "Shame and Awful" to characterize what has been done since
then to Iraq by the military and irresponsible civilian corporations.)
The digital images coming out of Abu Ghraib had a unique impact on people
throughout the world. Never before had we seen such visual evidence of sexual
abuse and torture by prison guards or of men and women apparently enjoying
their heinous deeds and then having the audacity to pose themselves and re-
cord their brutal actions. How could they have done it? Why did they give these
abuses their personal visual signatures? Let's consider some possible explanations.
Digital Power
One simple answer is that new digital technology makes everyone an instant pho-
tographer. It provides immediate feedback and no development waiting time, and
its images can easily be readily shared online without being censored by film-
developing laboratories. Because these cameras are conveniently small in size,
large in capacity, and relatively inexpensive, they are so ubiquitous that it is easy
for anyone to take hundreds of photos on the spot. Just as Web logs (blogs) and
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