game, with a huge vaulted ceiling set off by moody lightning
and a row of ejection seats rescued from World War II-era
fighter jets.
3. In one test, a quarter-inch steel ball is fired at eyewear
at more than 160 km/h; in another, a heavy steel spike is
dropped on a lens.
4. Audiences are so used to easy seductions by movies, with
big jokes and jolts, that they may misread or discard potent
message of the pictures.
exeRCIse 26.
From the words in brackets choose correct one to go with each
of the synonyms below. In what contexts can these collocations
be used?
Deep, profound, intense (knowledge, river, silence, personal-
ity, cold); bald, hairless (chest, patch, head, tyres, facts, hands);
sharp, keen, acute (teeth, knife, turn, patient, eyesight, blade,
mind); maintain, perform, do (relations, house, a family, service,
ceremony, research, dishes, aerobics); discover, invent (conti-
nent, restaurant, ball-point pen, the truth, treasure, characters).
exeRCIse 27.
Explain logical associations in the following groups of meanings
for the same word. Define the types of transferences.
Meaning .of .the .Word . .Polysemy .od .the .Word . .Types .of .Meanings . .Change .of .Meaning . .Context
– 0 –
The foot of a hill – the foot of a young boy, the leg of a table – to
hurt one’s leg, the glasses on the nose – the nose of the plane,
the wing of a bird – the wing of a building, Peter’s head – the
head of a company, my eye hurts – the eye of a needle, the
bridge over the river – the bridge of the nose, the tip of the
tongue – the tongue of a bell, the root of a tree – the root of
a word, the neck of a girl – the neck of a bottle, the mouth of a
river – the mouth of an infant.
exeRCIse 28.
Find metonymies in the following sentences. Define the type of
contiguity they are based on.
1. If the key matched the lock, the participant took the grand
prize – a Ford.
2. People might think they’re cutting down on fat when they
order the fish sandwiches in McDonalds.
3. About 35% of American women like guys with beards and
moustaches, so if you have either, you don’t have to buy a
Gillette.
4. Bone china was invented in England in the late eighteenth
century, and was apparently superior in strength, translu-
cency, thinness, and whiteness to the porcelain then being
produced in Europe.
5. Recognizing the increasing popularity of smartphones
among government users and everyday citizens, the White
House announced a mobile version of its Website optimized
for portable devices like BlackBerrys and iPhones.
6. I have never read Simon de Beauvoir in the original, but I’d
like to.
Part .2
– 1 –
7. Londoners were welcome to come to Trafalgar Square to en-
joy Handel, one of the most famous composers of the 18
th
century.
exeRCIse 29.
In the following sentences, state what the metonymies stand for.
Group the sentences according to the type of contiguity.
1
1. We need a couple of strong bodies for our team.
2. There are a lot of good heads in the university.
3. I’ve got a new set of wheels.
4. We need some new blood in the organization.
5. He’s got a Picasso in his living room. I hate to read
Heidegger.
6. You’ll never get the university to agree to that. I don’t ap-
prove of the government’s actions.
7. Washington is insensitive to the needs of the people.
8. The Kremlin threatened to boycott the next round of talks.
9. Paris is introducing longer skirts this season.
10. Hollywood isn’t what it used to be.
11. Wall Street is in a panic.
exeRCIse 30.
Explain the meaning of a polysemantic word ‘go’ in each of the fol-
lowing sentences. Could you give more meanings of this word?
1
The exercise is prepared and submitted with a kind permission of an MA student
(2010) of English Philology Vaiva Bernatonytė.
2010) of English Philology Vaiva Bernatonytė.
of English Philology Vaiva Bernatonytė.
Meaning .of .the .Word . .Polysemy .od .the .Word . .Types .of .Meanings . .Change .of .Meaning . .Context
– –
1. We are going to Canada in the summer.
2. I first went to a rock concert when I was 15.
3. What time does the last train go?
4. The bread’s gone mouldy.
5. I don’t think all that will go in the suitcase.
6. The door was open and all his things gone.
7. When I go, I’d like to have my ashes scattered at sea.
8. A house like this would go for £250,000.
exeRCIse 31.
In the following sentences, comment on the change of mean-
ing of the words. What similarities are the association based
on?
1. The sun was sinking over the hills and the gnats were fool-
ing around all over the place <…>, and I was just beginning
to feel a little soothed by the peace of it all when suddenly I
heard my name spoken (P.G.W.).
2. Uncle Willoughby meandered back to the library, and there
was a silence that you could have dug bits out of it with a
spoon (P.G W.).
3. I‘d have preferred an undertaker; but I told him to stagger in,
and he floated noiselessly through the doorway like a heal-
ing zephyr ( P.G W.).
4. Far away in the misty distance a soft voice spoke: “If I might
explain your ladyship”. Jeeves had projected himself in from
the dining-room and materialized on the rug. Lady Malvern
tried to freeze him with a look, but you can’t do that sort of
thing to Jeeves ( P.G.W.).
5. In the slanting beams that streamed through the open win-
dow the dust danced and was golden.
Part .2
– –
6. Even the ray of hope was hidden from him.
7. After a relaxed afternoon savouring the warmth of the fire-
place Mr. White spit away a storm of indignation.
8. Misunderstanding quickly melted away after a honeymoon
journey to Jamaica.
9. Dombey’s cup of satisfaction was so full at this moment, that
he felt he could afford a drop or two of its contents even to
sprinkle on the dust in the by-path of his little daughter (Ch.
D.).
10. Thunder struggles and howls. Nobody will escape the down-
pour.
11. The wisps of cloud streaking the sky made me think of candy
floss, setting in motion a train of thought which led inevita-
bly to a booth by the pier, where my grandparents bought
me a huge pink ball (J.C.).
exeRCIse 32.
Read the poem “Ghetto” by Judita Vaičiūnaitė. Find poetic meta-
phors. Explain their meaning.
Six in the morning
when newspaper stands
and milk bars are closed
six in the morning
in the streets of Vilnius’s ghetto
dandelions open;
a golden dust settles;
like yellow stars of David blooming
pushing, breaking their way through splitting cobblestone,
above underground cloisters
above grotesquely defined arcs,
Meaning .of .the .Word . .Polysemy .od .the .Word . .Types .of .Meanings . .Change .of .Meaning . .Context
– –
deep, blackened passageways
redolent still of garlic, fish;
rising through courtyard cellars and rubble
the dandelions’ golden halo spreads.
six in the morning
an amber light flows into a blind alley,
a dirty courtyard
where a Jew’s forgotten shadow
is maybe praying, maybe muttering a curse.
exeRCIse 33.
In the following sentences, state what the metonymy stands for.
Analyse the logical associations of the metonymy and the idea it
expresses.
1. In came two boyish caps, out came two bright skirts.
2. Miss Fox trembled, when she felt herself escorted up the
steps preceded by a black hat and a white collar.
3. She was bejewelled with gold, what made her look like she
wanted to sell it to me.
4. I bought some china in a nearby shop.
5. Wall Street announced that interest rates are not going up,
contrary, they are falling sharply.
6. The Pentagon was sure that nobody could attack the country.
7. Then they came in. Two of them, a man with long fair mous-
tache and a silent dark man. Definitely, the moustache and I
had nothing in common.
8. The hall applauded when the landlady appeared in front of
the audience.
9. The round game table was flabbergasted and vigorous.
10. The shelves of the library were full of Dickens.
Part .2
– –
exeRCIse 34.
In the following sentences, comment on the change of meaning
based on associations of similarity and contiguity. Define the
type of transference.
1. When actors finished their performance on the stage, the
stalls applauded and shouted “Bravo”.
2. Mr. Pickwick bottled up his vengeance and corked it down
(Ch.D.).
3. When the stars threw down their spears
And water’d heaven with their tears,
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee? (W.B.)
4. She has just listened to Chaikovsky, which brought her re-
laxation.
5. The clouds were sleeping on the peak of the mountain.
6. I haven’t managed to eat the whole plate I was served at the
dinner.
7. What light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun! Arise, fair sun, and kill the
envious moon (W.Sh.).
8. The whole classroom was laughing and shouting in exalta-
tion.
9. All shelves in the library were full of Byron. However, they
seem to be covered in dust.
10. She looked out of her window one day and gave her heart to
the grocer’s young man.
Meaning .of .the .Word . .Polysemy .od .the .Word . .Types .of .Meanings . .Change .of .Meaning . .Context
– –
exeRCIse 35.
In the following sentences, comment on the change of meaning
of the words in bold: find the cases of narrowing and widening
of meanings.
1. The singer made an outstanding impression in London at the
5
th
season of the theatre and had a tremendous success at
the Edinburgh International Festival.
2. To starve is not a good way to lose weight, but supervised
detoxes can be helpful in cleansing the body and losing a few
pounds.
3. An undertaker must be energetic and be willing to work at
odd hours as he has to be on call 24 hours a day.
4. Elie Wiesel, the most famous survivor of the children’s camp
at Buchenwald, was among the orphans who were sent to
France.
5. Nestled in a quiet valley, shadowed by grand mountains, the
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