3. lord Byron’s notability rests not only on his writings but also
on his life, which featured aristocratic excesses, huge debts,
numerous love affairs, and self-imposed exile.
4. In terms of how Don Quixote views the world, he exemplifies
everything a stereotypical knight should be.
5. “And yet,” he added, with a sly smile, “I feel that I ought to
give you as much knowledge of my character as I possess
(A.B.).
6. Duke of Kent managed to sneak a note to a daughter without
the wife seeing.
Meaning .of .the .Word . .Polysemy .od .the .Word . .Types .of .Meanings . .Change .of .Meaning . .Context
– –
– –
PARt 3
sYsteMAtIC CHARACteR oF tHe
VoCABULARY: sYnonYMs, AntonYMs,
HoMonYMs
– 0 –
exeRCIse 37.
The sentences given below contain synonyms. Find them and
explain the differences in meaning.
1. a) You are not still brooding over what he said, are you? b)
You are too young to be contemplating retirement. c) She
was left to reflect on the implications of her decision. d) It
was once thought that the sun travelled around the earth.
2. a) The old man lay propped up on cushions. b) An elderly
couple celebrated the 25
th
anniversary of the wedding. c)
The river bank was full of grownup people. Only some of
them were in the shade of the ancient oak.
3. a) The main purpose of industry is to create wealth. b) A fac-
tory that produces microchips was closed after three fires in
succession over a month. c) Her story was completely fabri-
cated from start to finish.
4. a) All the windows broke with the force of the blast. b) After
a few days of fever her lips became dry and cracked. c) Her
experience of divorce shattered her illusions about love.
5. a) Hysterical crying wouldn’t help to pass the examination. b)
“Oh, Mummy, I hurt my toe!” sobbed small Nick. c) She wept
bitter tears of disappointment.
6. a) In the corner of the room a stout man was repairing a
broken chair. b) Plump women fashion doesn’t get proper
attention from the media. c) You’ll get fat if you eat so much
McDonald’s food.
7. a) Smoking in pregnancy increases the risk of producing a
low-birthweight baby. b) A toddler can injure oneself if left
without caretaking. c) She was seriously ill as an infant.
8. a) A celebrated lawyer gave some advice how to sell the
house in the village. b) The bar has become notorious as a
Part .3
– 1 –
meeting place for drug dealer. c) She was more famous as a
writer than as a singer.
9. a) It is necessary to examine how the proposals can be car-
ried out. b) Linguists study various linguistic phenomena and
describe them. c) These ideas will be explored in more detail
in the following chapter.
10. a) The smell of cheese was floating in the air. However, it
wasn’t tasty. b) The rich aroma of fresh coffee was impris-
oned in a can. c) The stale odour of cigarette smell was get-
ting on her nerves.
11. a) The river glittered in the sunlight and the leaves of the
trees were playing with sunbeams. b) When he spoke his
teeth gleamed under his moustache. c) The moment the sky
became cloudless, the lake started shimmering.
12. a) She shuddered at the thought that she could have been
killed. b) Shake the bottle before you open it. c) His lip start-
ed to tremble and then he started to cry.
13. a) Two friends sat in the corner and chatted about the weath-
er. b) They were talking in low voices, and I couldn’t catch
what they were saying. c) A spokesman said that the com-
pany had improved its safety standards.
14. a) He glared round the room as if expecting a challenge. b)
His hands were covering his face, but I could see him peeping
through his fingers. c) After hearing the news, she stared at
me in disbelief.
15. a) When I am lonely, I smoke more then usual. b) You
shouldn’t leave the child alone in the house. c) Pandas are
solitary creatures.
16. a) The old mine now stands completely deserted. b) The car
was found abandoned in Brighton. c) At night empty streets
seem to be dangerous and frightening.
Systenatic .Character .of .the .Vocabulary: .Synonyms, .Antonyms, .Homonums
– –
17. a) He always sat amazed at the divine melody of her soprano.
b) The society was shocked at the news of the newest results
of heart transplantation. c) No man had ever affected her
before as this one had, who perplexed her from moment to
moment with his awful grammar.
18. a) It is impossible to disguise the fact that business is bad. b)
The windows of the Tower are few and narrow, and those on
the lower story are hidden from us by the walls of the court.
c) Her face was screened by the tree.
exeRCIse 38.
Give synonyms for the following words. Explain differences be-
tween synonyms in their shades of meaning.
Abrupt, amalgamate, amend, attire, benign, consequential,
crafty, daft, devour, hue, hurtle, illustrious, indigent, insolent,
juvenile, lass, lithe, menace, pliant, portly, repugnant, reitera-
tion, slumber, smug, snug, tangy, timorous.
exeRCIse 39.
Find a denotative meaning on which each of the synonymic
groups are based. What shades of meaning make synonymic
words idiosyncratic?
1. Attractive, beautiful, elegant, glamorous, pretty.
2. Blaze, blink, flash, flicker, glow, shine, sparkle, twinkle.
3. Ache, hurt, painful, sore, sting, throb.
4. Commandeer, confiscate, deprive, grab, impound, seize,
strip.
5. Construct, fabricate, forge, invent, manufacture.
Part .3
– –
exeRCIse 40.
From the sentences given below write out the synonyms in groups
and classify them into a) synonyms differentiated by duration; b)
synonyms differentiated by degree or intensity; c) synonyms dif-
ferentiated by cause. Explain the reasons for your decision.
2
1. He blushed at the thought of a meeting with that extraordi-
nary girl he had seen in Cannes.
2. He told me that the whole situation was strange. An African
explorer found himself exchanging glances with a man-eat-
ing tiger.
3. Gosh, how I used to admire you at the dear old school. You
were my hero.
4. What I really want is a square meal.
5. The rumour has it that she worships the ground he walks
on.
6. He made a short speech in French, and the mothers all ap-
plauded, and the babies all yelled.
7. I must confess I am pleasantly surprised that I am no longer
afraid.
8. He opened his mouth to shout but no sound came out.
9. “You have settled it!” cried the astonished parent.
10. The audience roared wildly when the local team scored.
11. He was speaking for half an hour or so.
12. His face reddened, he could hardly keep his temper.
13. Children usually adore ice cream but she detested it strong-
ly.
2
Materials for this exercise are borrowed from Antrushina G.B, et al. English Lexicol-
ogy. Moscow.
Systenatic .Character .of .the .Vocabulary: .Synonyms, .Antonyms, .Homonums
– –
14. Everyone he met instantly liked him and wanted to be
friends.
15. I was perfectly amazed that one man, all by himself, should
have been able to beat down and capture such battalions of
practised fighters.
16. She yearned to escape from her office job.
exeRCIse 41.
What distinguishes each of the following pairs of synonyms: a)
level of formality; b) shades of meaning; c) the origin; d) different
language varieties?
Argument – disputation, ask for – request, astonished – gob-
smacked, beauty – pulchritude, bonnet – hood, caravan – trail-
er, chat – gossip, destroy – zap, die – decease, famous – notori-
ous, farm – ranch, hate – loathe, heart – ticker, need – require,
new – novel, obtain – procure, pardon – amnesty, pavement –
sidewalk, praise – eulogy, tap – faucet, western – occidental.
exeRCIse 42.
Give the dominant synonym for the following synonymic groups.
1. Hue, pigment, tinge, tint, tone.
2. Accommodate, adapt, adjust, affect, alter, modify, remodel,
restyle, transform.
3. Crush, demolish, devastate, dismantle, fragment, liquidate,
shatter, smash, uproot.
4. Combat, conflict, hostilities, riot, row, struggle, wrangle.
5. Achievable, attainable, credible, imaginable, likely, plausible,
potential, probable.
Part .3
– –
6. Abnormal, bizarre, eerie, irregular, odd, peculiar, queer, sur-
real, weird.
7. Awash, damp, dewy, drenched, moist, soaked, waterlogged.
8. Diffuse, imprecise, indefinite, uncertain, unclear, undefined,
unspecific.
9. Bulky, enormous, gigantic, massive, voluminous.
10. Demanding, burdensome, onerous, problematic, strenuous.
exeRCIse 43.
Make synonymic groups from the words below. Give a dominant
synonym for each of the group.
Adoration, angry, affection, attachment, boldness, bravery,
composition, constitution, construction, courage, cross, daring,
detestation, dislike, displeased, drag, draw, effort, elegant, em-
ploy, endeavour, exploit, fashionable, fearlessness, fondness,
furious, heroism, hatred, infuriated, liking, love, make, organiza-
tion, passion, smart, structure, stylish, trial, try, unusable, un-
workable, use, useless, utilise, worked up, worthless.
exeRCIse 44.
In the following sentences, find the words which can be members
of a synonymic group. Build a synonymic group with that word.
1. From Greece to Japan, rich countries have racked up massive
state debts.
2. We are the small, underdog company. But we think our prod-
uct, our price point and the consumer interface we have
from our stores give us a compelling proposition and an op-
portunity to do something others can’t.
Systenatic .Character .of .the .Vocabulary: .Synonyms, .Antonyms, .Homonums
– –
3. I’ve talked a great deal over the last couple of years about
the fact that we’re now profitable in China, but we’re still
significantly understored.
4. Most of my engineering friends went into horribly stifling
jobs where they get to design things like an on-switch that
clicks.
5. She was obsessed with art, film and books, and her taste in
decadent demigods was impeccable, from Charles Baudelaire
to William Burroughs.
6. He was pale and slim with masses of dark curls, lying bare-
chested with strands of beads around his neck.
7. Martin saw Mary very often and soon became quite cor-
dial, always greeting her with a smile and nod when she en-
tered.
8. In the company of the duke Oscar knew his daughter had
nothing to dread.
9. The edifice looked as impressive in actuality as it did in pho-
tographs.
exeRCIse 45.
Words in the following pairs in some contexts become synonyms.
However, their meanings can also be semantically not related.
Provide different context for these words to show their synonymy
and polysemy.
Anxiety – care, broad – wide, curious – inquisitive, flame – pas-
sion, hungry – greedy, professor – teacher, tiny – petite.
Part .3
– –
exeRCIse 46.
Prove that the pairs of synonyms given in bold type make one
semantic unit. Which of them are phraseological units and which
are contextual units?
1. About the time of twilight Mr. Dombey, grievously afflicted
with aches and pains, was helped into his carriage (Ch.D).
2. This is the place – these narrow ways diverge to the right and
left, and reek everywhere with dirt and filth (Ch.D).
3. It is not only your skill and dexterity that fascinates me. It
is your cheery confidence in yourself that does me good
(J.K.J.).
4. Without listening to excuse and apology … though uncon-
scious of anything save the support which it gave, she was
urging, and almost dragging him forward (W. Sc.).
5. After perusing these papers, the Master of Ravenswood re-
mained for a minute or two with his hand pressed against his
brow, in deep and profound meditation (W. Sc.).
6. Her cleanliness and purity had reacted upon him, and he
felt in his being a crying need to be clean (J. L.).
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