intercultural education embed language teaching and learning in a wider
educational project that has explicit ethical implications. Byram (1997b: 50)
sets out the ‘attitudes’ that intercultural education seeks actively to
promote – and assess:
•
willingness to seek out or take up opportunities to engage with oth-
erness in a relationship of equality; this should be distinguished
from attitudes of seeking out the exotic or of seeking to profit from
others;
•
interest in discovering other perspectives on interpretation of famil-
iar and unfamiliar phenomena both in one’s own and in other cul-
tures and cultural practices;
•
willingness to question the values and presuppositions in cultural
practices and products in one’s own environment;
•
readiness to experience the different stages of adaptation to and inter-
action with another culture during a period of residence;
•
readiness to engage with the conventions and rites of verbal and non-
verbal communication and interaction
Behind these attitudes is the assumption that learners and teachers are
working in a liberal democracy that upholds values like equality, and the
tolerance of difference, and that it is the teacher’s job to foster these values
overtly in the language classroom, and assess them alongside the ‘four
language skills’. The teacher, then, becomes a moral guide, a role that more
traditionally suits the state school teacher (who represents institutional
authority) than the commercial school teacher (who is ultimately an
employee of the learner). Intercultural approaches to language education
are perhaps less likely to be implemented in totalitarian regimes where the
self-reflective and self-critical components of the curriculum might well be
discouraged or indeed repressed.
Even so, intercultural approaches have caught on in countries with no
long history of liberal democratic government. Intercultural language
education has become popular in parts of eastern Europe, such as Bulgaria,
which, since 1989, have undergone a major social and cultural upheaval:
the language classroom became a place in which new ways of constructing
one’s own and other cultures could be explored. The issues at stake have
never been more topical or urgent. Intercultural language education has
also become established, usually at university level, in some countries
whose regimes have traditionally been less open to criticism. The
intercultural comparison of the role of women in British and American
culture, as reflected in, say, popular women’s magazines, can lead to
indirect criticism of the treatment of women in one’s own country.
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