acquired a full awareness of the differences between their own speech
variety and the standard language (see the articles collected in Cheshire
et
al
., 1989). Evidently, the kinds of cultural exploration which depend upon a
comparison between language varieties and their relation to their speech
community would need either to be radically modified for younger
children, or postponed until they are in their early teens.
Although he grants that all aspects of the
savoirs
that he defines as
elements of intercultural competence are related, Byram is currently
working with colleagues across Europe to specify a ‘threshold’ of
intercultural competence, that is, a point at which it might be argued
that learners have achieved an institutionally sanctioned blend of
cultural knowledge and skills. The desire to specify a threshold level of
intercultural competence itself reflects Byram’s background in the state
education sector, and his involvement in the Council of Europe’s
ongoing project to harmonise language learning goals across the
European Community (cf. Byram & Zarate, 1997; van Ek, 1975). Even so,
Byram acknowledges that such a threshold would vary from context to
context, depending in part upon (1) the social demands upon learners to
acquire language for purposes such as commerce and diplomacy, as
well as for personal recreation; (2) the orientations of the home country
towards those cultures (national and professional) where the second
language is used either as a mother tongue or as an auxiliary means of
communication; (3) the resources available in the educational institu-
tion where the language is taught (materials, methods, trained teachers,
technology, etc.); (4) a specification of the situations in which the
learners are likely to use their communicative and intercultural skills
(e.g. on study trips, in personal contacts, or in secondary exposure
through the media or internet contacts).
At present, the specification of readily available curriculum objectives,
and work towards a consensus about a threshold for intercultural compe-
tence, are in their infancy. No widely used ELT examination, such as the
UCLES or Oxford examinations, currently specifies or tests intercultural
competence as here defined, and so it is up to the individual teacher and
institution to decide if or how a cultural component in their teaching
should be tested. This chapter has been able only to offer general guidance
to the issues surrounding assessment in the cultural classroom. However
brief the discussion must be here, the topic remains of fundamental impor-
tance to the concept of language teaching more widely. In a lively critique
of language assessment up to the 1990s, Harrison (1991: 97) comments:
One of the first consequences of looking at a language from a commu-
nicative point of view is the realisation that the context of an utterance
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