Languages for intercultural communication and education


Using Images in the Classroom



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Using Images in the Classroom
There is, of course, a long-established history of using images, or ‘visual
aids’, in the ELT classroom. The reasons for using images are good and
obvious: they can be used at all levels of language learning, from beginners
to advanced, and they can bring into the classroom those objects which
would otherwise be forever outside it; for example, aeroplanes, beaches,
and tourist locations in the target culture. Depending on the image, visual
aids can be used to bring vocabulary to life, or to act as input into informa-
tion-transfer activities (for example, one learner might have access to visual
information and then have to describe it verbally to another learner). Com-
municative methodologists typically stress the value of images as prompts
for language production; for example, Scrivener (1994: 167) comments on
picture stories, that is, images sequenced to form a narrative:
Traditionally, they have been used as a starting point for writing
exercises, but they are also very useful for focusing on specific
language points or as material for speaking and listening activities.
Most picture stories seem inevitably to involve practice of the past
simple and past continuous.
Photographs, drawings, cartoons and diagrams make EFL textbooks look
attractive, but they also contextualise the language used in any given
lesson, and they can even make a linguistic concept like ‘tense’ or ‘aspect’
easier to grasp by giving a visual image such as a ‘time-line’. Oral examina-
tions often use photographs as cues for speech: for instance, candidates can
be asked to describe the content of the picture, and to speculate about what
went before and what might come after the situation portrayed in the pho-
tograph.
Visual aids, then, are widely acknowledged as a rich resource in ELT, but
what all the activities mentioned above share is a primary focus on
content
in
order to promote language learning. Images tend to be exploited in diverse
ways for their language-learning potential, but their cultural significance is
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Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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comparatively neglected. The exploration of the images produced by
different cultures is, however, a powerful way into intercultural studies in
the ELT classroom – where the focus is on both images produced by the
target culture and those produced by the home culture. The analysis of
images can exploit pictures from a variety of sources, of which the
following are only a few:

newspaper and magazine reports and features;

magazine and billboard advertising;

political campaign literature;

ELT textbooks;

travel agents’ literature;

school/college textbook illustrations;

compact disc covers;

postcards;

paintings in art galleries;

pictures on websites (several of the images discussed in this chapter
were obtained under licence from < scran.ac.uk > , an archive of thou-
sands of images, film and audio recordings held in Scotland).
Pictures can be used as data for the exploration of social issues in the home
and target cultures. Over time, learners may come up with their own ideas,
prompted by their own observations and interests. However, in the initial
stages they may well need guidance about themes that are likely to yield
interesting results, for example:

how are certain age groups (e.g. men, women, children, teenagers)
represented in advertising?

how are certain nationalities/ethnic groups represented?

how is authority/lack of authority constructed visually, e.g. by politi-
cians, or in advertising?

what is it that a society considers visually attractive? Is this constant
over all societies/periods of time?

what do fashions tell us about the values of the social groups that
adopt them?

are the photographs or diagrams used in newspaper reports ‘neutral’
illustrations of the text?

are the pictures used in travel agents’ literature representative of the
countries they are sending people to?

what kind of information about Britain/the USA/etc. is given in EFL
textbook illustrations?
Developing Visual Literacy
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does the visual information in EFL textbooks correspond to that given
about the country in geography textbooks?

can you track the social history of an image (e.g. of a kilted Scotsman)
over time, using art books, textbooks, advertising? Did the image
always refer to exactly the same group? What values did it have at dif-
ferent times, and for whom (e.g. crude barbarian, exotic primitive,
imperial soldier, comic miser, romantic warrior)?
In tackling these projects, students will need to develop what is referred to
above as ‘visual literacy’. In other words, they will need to develop a sys-
tematic means of looking at visual images and talking about the kinds of
messages they convey. This chapter aims to give guidance on how learners
might be encouraged to develop these skills. The sections below are
intended to give the teacher suggestions about ways of approaching the
analysis of images. These discursive sections are followed by a checklist
that may be used or adapted for class projects.

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