Languages for intercultural communication and education



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CorbettAnInterculturalApproachtoEnglishLanguageTeachingLanguagesforInterculturalCommunicationandEducation7

Figure 7.1
Billboard for 1998 Covas Campaign
C:\Documents and Settings\Stephen Cracknell\My Documents\corbett\corbett.vp
13 August 2003 16:39:10
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campaign wished to convey: the images associated the parties’ candidates
with the freshness, vigour and innocence of youth.
Linguistic texts are not simply random assemblies of vocabulary items.
For texts to make sense, the words have to be arranged in sequences
according to linguistic conventions, or ‘rules’. In the same way, the content
of images has to be arranged in acceptable ways for the message to make
sense. The ‘grammar’ of the image, then, is the relationship between those
people or objects represented by the image. For example, is one person or
object acting on another, as in a transitive clause? Or is there only one
person or object represented, as in an intransitive clause? It is necessary to
make clear what we are doing here. We are not saying that images
are
clause types, but that visual information can be used to convey similar
messages to clauses. Therefore they can be subjected to a similar kind of
analysis, an analysis that relates different types of form (in this case, visual
forms) to meanings. The remainder of this chapter will focus mainly on pre-
senting an elementary grammar of the image, based largely on the
principles outlined in much more detail by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996).
As they acknowledge, some of their grammar presupposes a Western ori-
entation towards the image – for example, the fact that Western writing
systems operate from left to right influences the composition of images.
However, the tools of analysis that they provide can be adapted for
radically different cultural positions, and they certainly highlight the
nuances and shadings of different cultures within the West. The questions
asked of images are summarised in a checklist at the end of this chapter, for
ease of use in the intercultural classroom.

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