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ILMIY AXBOROTNOMA FILOLOGIYA 2019-yil, 4-son
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ruhidan ortda qolgani ("The trouble with the Conservative Party is that it has not turned the clock back
every single second" (Evelyn Waugh)), raqiblarning fikriga ko`ra, yordamga muhtoj bo`lmagan boy
odamlarning manfaatlariga e`tibor qaratgani: "A conservative is someone who demands a square deal for
the rich" (Davis Frostb, 983) kabi belgilariga urg’u berishadi. Ikkiyuzlamachilik Britaniyadagi siyosiy
tizimning xususiyatlaridan biri bo`lgan va bo`lib qolmoqda: "The Conservative Party is an organized
hypocrisy". Shunday bo`lsa-da, tanqid qiluvchilar ko`pincha "bir-biriga juda dushman bo`lgan" siyosiy
sohada ham kinoya va istehzoli yumor orqali birlashadilar, bunday holat, o`z navbatida, o`ziga xos
tabassumga sabab bo`lishi mumkin: "Tories are not always wrong, but they are always wrong at the right
moment" (Lady Violet Bonham-Carter).
2. Mashhur britaniyaliklarning ko`p sonli gaplarida past obro`ga ega bo`lgan ingliz oshxonasi
masxara qilinadi: - If the British can survive their meals they can survive anything (George Bernard Shaw);
- Coffee in England always tastes like a chemistry experiment; (Agatha Christie). Somerset Moem ingliz
oshxonasining kamchiliklari bilan bir qatorda uning asosiy ustunligini aniq tasvirlab bergan: "If you want
to eat well in England eat three breakfasts". Fikrlar nafaqat Britaniyaning hayotini, balki undagi hayotning
ayrim tomonlarini ham tavsiflaydi. Masalan, "The British Civil service is a beautifully designed and
effective braking system" (Shirley Williams, 1980) gapidagi istehzo taajublanish ta`siriga asoslangan.
Ko`pgina hollarda, fikrlardagi yumor ta`siri ushbu kontekstda hech ham kutilmagan ob`ekt bilan taqqoslash
orqali amalga oshiriladi, bu esa o`z navbatida kalit so`zning ko`p ma`noligiga asoslanadi: - Britain has
invented a new missile. It's called a Civil servant - it doesn't work and it can't be fired.
3. Taniqli tanqidchilar, jurnalistlar, yozuvchilarning England va Englishness tushunchalarini
anglab olishga salmoqli hissa qo`shgan boshqa mualliflarning ijodiga bag’ishlangan fikrlari alohida
guruhini tashkil qiladi. Masalan, ko`plab sharhlar O.Uayldning hayoti va ijodini tavsiflaydi: "Oscar Wilde
was a mixture of an Apollo and a monster" (George Meredith). Bunday tavsif faqat ingliz milliy ongida
shakllangan istehzoning o`ziga xos shaklidir, chunki, masalan, o`zbek o`zining ulug’ shoiri haqida u
"ozgina narsada juda buyuk" deyishini tasavvur qilish qiyin: "I have a very moderate admiration of his
genius. He is great in so little a way" (Charles Lamb on Lord Byron). Ma`nosi bo`yicha qarama-qarshi
bo`lgan ikkita elementning zid qo`yilishi, birikishi fikr mualliflari tomonidan ko`pincha istehzoli, kinoyali,
yumor samaralariga erishish vositasi sifatida foydalaniladi. "A masterpiece of failure" (George Bernard
Shaw, reviewing Fedora in 1895). "The English have an ability for flying into a great calm" (Alexander
Woollcott). "The portrait endowed with every merit except the likeness to the original" (Edward Gibbon on
Pope?s translation of Homer).
4. Ingliz tilida Englishness tushunchasini aks ettiradigan fikrlar ham katta qiziqish uyg’otadi.
Demokratizm, boshqa madaniyatlarda katta obro`-e`tibor qozongan odamlarga, xususan qirollik badiiy
akademiyasining a`zolariga hurmatning yo`qligi kabi xislatlar bu erda aniq ko`rinadi: “The reputation of
the Academy has got to a point where election would be positively distressing to a serious painter"
(Evening Standard, 1961)". "As for our little bits of R. As calling themselves painters it ought to be stopped
directly (John Ruskin 1943). Shuni ham ta`kidlash kerakki, har qanday qilib bo`lsa-da muvofaqqiyatga
intilishning yo`qligi ("In England failure is all the rage" Quentin Crisp, 1968; "The English think
incompetence is the same thing as sincerity" Quentin Crisp, 1977), sog’lom hayot tarziga astoydil berilish
(AQSHga shunchalik xos bo`lgan) (The English find ill-health not only interesting but respectable and
often experience death in the effort to avoid a fuss" Pamela Frankau, 1961) Englishness tushunchasining
ajralmas qismlaridir.
Englishness tushunchasining mohiyatini tavsiflovchi fikrlar britaniyaliklar hayotidagi bir necha
sohalarning kompleks ravishdagi tavsifini o`z ichiga olishi ham mumkin, masalan: "So little, England.
Little music. Little art. Timid. Tasteful. Nice."(Alan Bennet, 1883). Aytilgan fikr "did", "qulaylik" kabi
ijobiy tavsiflarni hamda kinoya ob`ekti, xususan, muallif fikriga ko`ra, Britaniyaning etarlicha qaynoq
bo`lmagan musiqiy va badiiy hayotini o`zida mujassam etgan obrazni yaratadi.
5. Britaniyaliklarning o`zlariga nisbatan istehzo qilish qobiliyati haqida ko`p narsa aytilgan va
yozilgan. Masalan, "What two ideas are more inseparable than Beer and Britannia?" (Sydney Smith, 1771-
1845). Shunisi e`tiborga loyiqki, ushbu satrlarning muallifi taqqoslash uchun Britaniyaning lotincha
nomidan foydalanib, beer/pivo so`zini bosh harf bilan yozadi. Kontrast va emfaza (ta`kidlash) fikr ichida
birlashtirilgan: "we are overspent, overborrowed, overgoverned, overtaxed, overmanned, underpoliced,
underdefended, and rather badly undereducated" (Sir Keith Joseph, 1979). Ushbu gap Britaniyalikning
Britaniyadagi hayotga bo`lgan qarashini aks ettiradi, shu bilan birga agar overspent va overtaxed shakllari
ingliz tilida keng qo`llanilsa, u holda overgoverned, underpoliced, underdefended haddan tashqari etarli
bo`lmagan miqdorini ifodalovchi tegishli prefikslarning sifatdosh bilan qo`llanishi adabiy me`yor emas.
Biz britaniyaliklar uchun sifatli ta`lim, adolatli soliqqa tortish va shaxsiy xavfsizlik kafolatlari birinchi
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