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Launch Vehicles and Services
was developed and originally manufactured by the Convair division of General
Dynamics. That organization was acquired by Lockheed Martin in 1994, and Atlas
continues to be available through Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services.
The Atlas first stage, originally a ballistic missile, employs a liquid kerosene-liquid
oxygen system. The second stage, called the Centaur, was the first high-energy
cryogenic liquid hydrogen–liquid oxygen engine developed in the United States.
Delivery to GTO is provided by the Centaur stage; the Atlas (acting effectively as
one and a half stages) performs a portion of the injection into parking orbit. All
launches into GTO are conducted from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center (KSC) at
Cape Canaveral, Florida.
The current offering of LMCLS consists of two versions of the Atlas V rocket,
manufactured by the United Launch Alliance. The larger of the two configurations,
the Atlas V 500, had a 5-m diameter payload fairing and has up to five solid rocket
booster strap-ons. It employs a Russian RD 180 engine with two thrust chambers
burning RP-1 propellant and liquid oxygen. The second stage is an improved
Centaur configuration. Multiple standard payload adaptors are available to meet
various mission requirements.
10.3.3
Delta
The Delta rocket family is offered to commercial customers by Boeing Launch
Services Inc. Referred to as the workhorse of NASA, the Delta rocket has established
an impressive track record since the first U.S. launches of geosynchronous satellites.
It dates back to the beginning of the U.S. space program, when NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center contracted with the then Douglas Aircraft Company for 12
complete rockets. While the first Delta flight in May 1960 was a failure, its eventual
record proved to be the best in the industry. The Delta II employs up to nine solid
rocket strap-ons to the side of the first stage for added life. To propel the spacecraft
from LEO into GTO, a solid rocket motor called the payload assist module (PAM)
can be provided. All launches to GTO are conducted from NASA’s KSC facility.
Non-GEO and polar missions can be initiated from Vandenberg Air Force Base in
California.
The Boeing Delta IV rocket system is produced by the United Launch Alliance
and is capable of launching payloads to polar orbits, sun-synchronous orbits,
geosynchronous and geosynchronous transfer orbits (GTO), and low Earth orbit
(LEO). Delta IV vehicles are planned for NOAA and NASA missions in coming
years and can launch payloads weighing from 4,300 kg (9,480 pounds) to 12,980
kg (28,620 pounds) to GTO, and can lift over 23,000 kg (50,000 pounds) to
LEO. This makes it suitable for nearly all of the large GEO satellites currently in
production. The vehicle combines a first stage consisting of the Pratt & Whitney
Rocketdyne RS-68 main engine and the Pratt & Whitney RL10B-2 upper stage
engine. There are also two sizes of expanded fuel and oxidizer tanks, illustrated
to the right in Figure 10.10.
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