10.2
Launch Technology and Systems
349
3 degrees provides about 3 years of storage potential. A satellite can be brought
out of storage prematurely by consuming fuel to remove the remaining inclination.
The previous discussion relates to stationkeeping performed using liquid fuel
such as monopropellant hydrazine or bipropellant MMH and nitrogen tetroxide.
Many larger GEO satellites employ some form of electric propulsion to reduce the
mass of fuel required for a 15- to 20-year mission. A reduction in fuel mass transfers
directly into more mass for payload or electric power (some of which may be
needed for thrusting). As discussed in Chapter 8, electric propulsion is an effective
way to make this trade-off, although there have been some difficulties with short-
ened thruster lifetime. This can be countered using redundant thrusters and having
some liquid fuel available as a backup. The latter will come out of the hardware
allocation of the spacecraft. Using electric propulsion, the physical fuel mass is
quite small and the bigger impact is for the increased mass of the thrusters and
other circuitry. It would not normally be required to thrust during eclipse, thus
avoiding an increase in battery mass. On the other hand, some of the added power
for the thrusters may result in a somewhat larger requirement for solar array mass.
In general, the trade-off is very favorable in favor of electric propulsion, which is
why these systems are incorporated in large satellites.
Most of the attention of SCC personnel is directed toward accuracy in orbit
determination and fuel use during routine stationkeeping maneuvers. A small
reserve for repositioning provides for moving the satellite to a new longitude if
required for some reason. Recall that half that fuel would be used to start the drift
and the outer half to stop it when the desired position is reached. A retirement
budget allocation is used at end of life to accelerate the satellite into a higher
drift orbit, where it will be turned off so it cannot interfere either physically or
electromagnetically (e.g., cause RFI) with operating satellites.
A GEO satellite that nears its end of life in terms of north-south stationkeeping
fuel can potentially have its useful life extended by operating the satellite in an
inclined orbit. That amounts to nothing more than halting north-south stationkeep-
ing operations while some fuel still remains. That fuel can be used to continue
east-west stationkeeping. Because the amount of fuel needed per month is substan-
tially less than for north-south, it can be projected that the life would be several
years longer (depending on the fuel remaining and the particular orbit longitude).
There is a tradeoff here because while the satellite likely will continue to operate
(the power and other spacecraft subsystems allowing), the inclination will build
up at the rate of 0.8 degree per year. That adds to the north-south pointing range
as seen on the ground. Earth stations would either have to track the satellite
(common for large antennas used for TV uplinks and teleport Earth stations) or
have correspondingly wide beamwidths (typical for small DTH antennas and mobile
user terminals).
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