10.3
Typical Launch Vehicles
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highly combustible propellant material. Solids are attractive for that application
because they offer a great deal of boost during critical parts of the launch sequence.
Solid rocket motors burn rapidly and at a high temperature, requiring great precau-
tions to be taken with their exit nozzles, cases, and attachments to the vehicle.
The second and third stages of the booster can take the form of solid or
bipropellant liquid-fueled rockets. As explained in Section 10.1, the second stage
is ignited after the LV is above the denser part of the atmosphere, propelling the
vehicle into the parking orbit. Separation of the stages may involve the firing of
special small rocket motors or explosives that sever bolts holding the stages together.
Clearly, the sequence of ignition, burn and velocity control, ignition, and separation
is vital to the achievement of mission success. Much of the attention and concern
of launch operation personnel is focused on this critical sequence, which occurs
automatically without ground control.
Preparation of the LV and the spacecraft is another vital area, one that may
be underestimated. Many modern LVs are capable of launching two or more
payloads at the same time. Even with a single payload, the preparations at the
launch site take one or more months since the spacecraft must be checked and
then properly integrated with the LV. The launch agency, rocket manufacturer,
and spacecraft supplier work essentially around the clock during this period to
assemble the LV, install the payload or payloads, check and fuel the system, and
conduct various prelaunch tests and rehearsals. The facilities involved are extensive,
and there are only a few qualified launch sites in existence. Also, the tracking sites
required during each phase of the launch and transfer orbit all must be prepared
and checked out prior to liftoff.
This discussion is necessarily brief and of a general nature. Section 10.3 reviews
a number of specific LV systems. It is evident that each LV is a unique combination
of rocket design, operation and fuel, which should be considered in detail when
making a selection for a particular mission. That is because the success of the
launch mission requires that each function and step occur properly or at least
within acceptable limits. Failure of just one hardware or software component can
be all it takes to preclude mission success. Ability to recover from serious launch
failure generally is quite limited, due to the large thrust levels and velocity changes
required from the various stages of the LV.
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