10.1
The Launch Mission
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Table 10.1
Launch Sequence for a
Geostationary Orbit Mission
Identifying Key Events and Ground
Support Activities
1. Liftoff of main booster
2. Parking orbit achieved
3. Transfer orbit injection
4. TT&C link established with ground
5. Reorientation to AMF attitude
6. Preburn RCS maneuver
7. Apogee engine firing to achieve GEO
9. Drift to assigned station
10. Orbit and attitude adjustments
11. Despin or reorientation
12. Spacecraft or body deployments
13. Bus testing
14. Payload testing
15. Start of service
parking orbit, the vehicle makes one revolution around the Earth in approximately
one and a half hours. Since that is too fast for conventional TT&C stations to
track the LV, operation of the LV’s first and other stages is automatically controlled
by an onboard computer.
The thin atmosphere that extends to the parking orbit is minute, but there is
sufficient drag to cause some slowing of the vehicle. If not corrected in time, the
orbit gradually decays and eventually the vehicle reenters and burns up. Because
that can take from months to years, there is little risk to the satellite between the
time it reaches the parking orbit and when the third stage propels it to GTO. There
can be circumstances in which the second stage does not provide its full increment
of velocity and the vehicle is then on a suborbital or even ballistic path back into
the denser atmosphere. Thus, timely firing of the third stage is extremely important
to prevent loss of the mission. In a LEO mission, discussed in Section 10.1.2, this
orbit is at or close to the final orbit, so preoperational activities can commence.
There is an issue that relates to the geographical latitude of the launch site.
Nearly every launch site is located some distance from the equator, while the GEO
is in the plane of the equator. (An exception is Sea Launch, which uses a floating
platform that is towed to a location in the Pacific Ocean at the equator.) The
parking orbit produced by the second stage may be at an angle with the equatorial
plane; this is referred to as inclination of the orbit. This inclination is approximately
equal to the latitude of the launch site and must be removed for a GEO mission.
This is accomplished using rocket energy at some point prior to putting the satellite
into commercial service. Obviously, the closer the launch platform is to the equator,
the less additional rocket energy is needed to correct for inclination. The counter
to this is that inclination is not a problem, per se, because it can be corrected by
subsequent thrust maneuvers from either the LV or the spacecraft propulsion
systems.
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