10.1.4
Drift Orbit for GEO Operation
Following a large-burn apogee injection, the satellite is in a near geosynchronous
orbit and drifting toward the assigned orbit location. The LAM approach typically
Figure 10.3
Injection from transfer orbit in geosynchronous orbit by successive burns of a liquid
apogee motor (LAM).
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Launch Vehicles and Services
produces a proper drift orbit without injection errors. For a solid AKM, the detailed
parameters of the initial drift orbit are unknown after motor firing, so the first
priority of TT&C operations is to determine the orbit as accurately as possible.
The next step is to make the necessary velocity corrections to cause the satellite to
drift in the desired direction. Figure 10.4 shows how a satellite in drift orbit is
actually at a different altitude than the geostationary orbit, which is a consequence
of Kepler’s second law. That limits the possibility of a drifting satellite bumping
into a stationary one. A satellite drifting westward is above the geostationary orbit,
while one drifting eastward is below. However, there still remains the possibility
of RFI as the drifting satellite passes through the antenna beams of the Earth
stations, which point at their respective geostationary satellite longitudes.
Potential problems with RFI in drift orbit are prevented through detailed coordi-
nation between satellite operators. Prior to reaching drift orbit, the manager of
the mission provides written notification to the operators of every satellite that
could conceivably receive interference. Then, during drift, the uplink from the
TT&C station and the satellite payload are disabled when there is inadequate
orbital separation (typically 2 degrees of separation at C- and Ku-bands, but the
specific amount should be determined prior to the mission). The harmful interfer-
ence that could result provides the motivation for cooperation between operators,
some of which are potentially competitors in business. Spacecraft deployments and
testing could be conducted during drift orbit or at a safe test location when the
satellite is definitely out of view of operating ground stations, but it is usually best
to defer such activities until the satellite reaches its assigned orbit position.
A predetermined amount of reaction control system (RCS) fuel is consumed
to stop the satellite from drifting. Final touchup maneuvers with the spacecraft
RCS bring the velocity and altitude into alignment with the geostationary orbit.
From that point forward, the stationkeeping phase of the mission begins and lasts
through the rest of the satellite lifetime. The satellite can be relocated to another
longtitude by expending two equal amounts of fuel: one to start the drift and the
other to stop it when the final longitude is reached. Because the duration of thrusting
determines the speed of relative motion, the amount of fuel consumed is roughly
inversely proportional to the total time allotted for relocation.
Figure 10.4
Drifting of a geosynchronous satellite from the apogee injection longitude to the final
longitude position.
10.1
The Launch Mission
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