Introducing English Linguistics

Historical Corpus of English, 158
Hogg, R., 155
honorifics, 62–64
Huddleston, R., 112, 115, 128, 132, 186
Hymes, Dell, 49
hyperanalysis (hypercorrection), 40
hypernym, 174–76
hyponym, 6, 137
hyponymy, 170, 174–76
idiom principle, 150
illocutionary speech acts, 50
immediate constituents, 112–13
imperative sentences, 10–11, 53, 136–37, 140
implicit speech acts, 50–52
impoliteness, 65–68
indefinite noun phrases, 185–86
indirect objects, 141–42
indirect speech acts, 53
Indo-European language family, 23, 24–31
Indonesian, 23
inflectional affixes, 156
inflectional morphemes, 153–54
inflections, 26–29
International Corpus of English (ICE), 82–83, 85–86, 86–87
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 198, 201
International Phonetic Association, 198
interrogative sentences, 136–39
intimates, 64–65 
intonation, 213–16
intransitive verb, 130
irregular verbs, 124
isolating languages, 35
Italian, gender, 27
Jabberwocky, 114
Jamaica, 22
Japanese, 30, 197
word order, 36–37
Jefferson, Gail, 86–88, 90
Johansson, S., 115, 136, 144
Johnson, Samuel, 167, 34
Jones, S., 174
Kasner, Dr. Edward, 180
Kaufman, T., 33, 41–42
Kay, C. J., 157–58
Kennedy, John F., 208
King James Bible (1611), 34
Kintsch, Walter, 80
Kirkman, A. J., 60
Korean, 30
Index
255

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Kornfilt, J., 35
Kurgen Hypothesis, 29
KWIK (keyword in context) concordance, 162
Ladefoged, P., 203
Lahiri, A., 211
Landau, S., 158, 160, 165, 166
Landis, Floyd, 61
Labov, W., 41, 164–65
“The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City
Department Stores”, 72
language acquisition device (LAD), 16
language change, 12–13, 20, 39–41, 43–44
internal and external influences, 41–42
language classification 
genetic system, 19, 23–24, 44
typological system, 19, 34–39
language contact, 41–42
language death, 42–43
language decay, 13–14
language evolution, 39–41
language families, 23–24
language structure, 3
language universals, 38–39
Latin, 35, 41–42, 42, 153, 640, 198
case, number and gender inflections, 26–29, 27–29
stress, 211
lax vowels, 204–5
Lee, D., 81, 82, 93
Leech, G., 6, 11, 65–66, 69–70, 99, 104, 115, 123–24, 124, 126,
128, 131, 136, 136, 137, 139, 144, 167–68, 189
Lenny, Ramona, 74
Levinson, S. C., 62, 67, 70
lexical cohesion, 102, 103, 105–6
lexical decomposition, 167–70
lexical semantics, 8, 48, 149, 150–51, 157–58
lexical verbs, 117, 123–24, 137–39
lexicography, 157–58 see also dictionaries
linguistic context, 9
linguistic reconstruction, 24
Linguistic Society of America (LSA), 43
linking adverbials, 145–46
linking verb, 116, 142
literal speech acts, 53–54
locutionary speech acts, 50
London–Lund Corpus of spoken British English, 83
London–Oslo–Bergen (LOB) Corpus of written British 
English, 83
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, The
(1999), 115
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2000), 211
Lord’s Prayer, The, 31–32
Low German (Niederdeutsch), 24
Lowth, Robert, 34
Lyons, J., 152, 172, 173
Maidment, J., 208
main clause, 8, 98, 112, 131–35
Mandarin, 21, 23, 35, 44
manner maxim, 56, 59–60, 61
manner of articulation, 195, 198–207
marked tone unit, 100
markedness, 37–38
markers of cohesion, 80
mass lexical comparison, 30
Matthews, P. H., 153, 156
McArthur, T., 180
meaning
definitions of, 151–52
pragmatic, 47, 48–49, 151–52
social, 152
meaning extension, 177–78
Merriam Co., G & C, 159
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th edn), 165
Meyer, C. F., 177
Middle English, 23, 32–33, 65, 182, 
stress, 211
Milroy, J., 70, 75
Milroy, L., 70
Milton, John, 160
minimal pairs, 196–97
Minkova, D., 155, 212
modal auxiliary verbs, 123–26
Modern English, 24, 35–36
case, number and gender inflections, 26–27, 27–29
Early, 24, 33–34
modesty maxim, 69
monogenesis, 30
monolingual dictionaries, 158
monologic speech, 86
monophthongs, 203
monotransitive verb, 140–41
Moon, R., 166, 167
morphemes, 149, 152–54
morphology, 7–8, 35–36
Murphy, M., 172
Murray, James A. H., 160, 161
nasal plosion, 205
nasals, 200–201, 205–6
Navajo, 43
near synonyms, 172
new information, 99
New Testament (1525), 34
New Testament in English, 160
news reportage, 95–98
Niger-Congo language family, 23
Nigeria, 22
9/11 183–86–78
nominalizations, 83
non-count nouns, 118–19
non-finite verbs, 131–33
non-literal speech acts, 53–54
non-rhotic speech, 71–72, 203
normal replication, 40
Norman Conquest, 20, 32–33
Norwegian, 21
Nostratic language family, 30–31
notional definitions, 113–15
noun phrases, 117–20, 185–86
embedding and recursion, 122–23
internal structure of, 120–22
nouns, 117–20
number, 26–29, 117–18
Oakland School Board, 75
Obama, Barack, 70
object complements, 142–43
256
INDEX

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objective form, 120
Old English, 20, 23, 31–33, 35, 41, 42
case, number and gender inflections, 14, 31–33
old information, 99
Old Norse, 180
Olsen, S., 29
onomatopoeia, 4–5
open class, 123–24
open registers, 84–85
open syllables, 204
operator, 137
overlapping speech, 87, 92–93
Oxford English Corpus, 158
Oxford English Dictionary (OED), 157, 158, 160–61, 166, 166, 167,
172, 176, 178
Oxford University Press, 158
Paradis, C., 174
parsing, 114