Introducing English Linguistics

American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European 
Roots, 26
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD), 
157, 158
American Sign Language (ASL), 5
“American Tongues,” 74
Americas, colonization of and language death, 
42–43
anaphoric reference, 184
Anderson, G., 73
Anglo-Norman, 32
animal communication systems, 3
anthropology (and language), 16–17
antonymy, 170, 172–74
apology, 54–55
apparent time, 72–73
approbation maxim, 69–70
appropriateness conditions, 54–55
approximants, 201–2
Arabic, 23, 180
consonants, 199–202
vowels, 202–5
Ashby, M., 208
aspect, 124, 131–32, 190–92
aspiration, 197
assertive/representative speech acts, 50, 51
assimilation, 205–7
Austronesian, 23
auxiliary verbs, 123–26, 137–38
back formations, 182
backchannels, 93
base, 152–53
Bailyn, J. F., 38 
Baldi, P., 27
BBC English, 202
Bell, A., 76
Bengali, 23
Beowulf,  32, 179
Biber, D., 6, 82, 83–84, 115, 136, 144
bilingual dictionaries, 159
Black’s Law Dictionary, 159
Blake, N., 65
blends, 181
Bolinger, D., 171
borrowing scale, 41–42
borrowings, 26, 180, 182, 211–12
Boston Brahmins, 72
bound morphemes, 152–53
Boycott, Charles, 178
British National Corpus (BNC), 52, 82–83, 93–95, 
172
broad reference, 103
Brown, P., 62, 67, 70
Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 158
Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, 
The (2002), 115
Cambridge International Corpus, 162
Cameron, Deborah, 13
Canterbury Tales, 32
Cantonese, 21
Carroll, Lewis, 114
Carter, Jimmy, 43
Carter, R., 49
case, 26–29
cataphoric reference, 184
causal relationships, 108
Caxton, William, 33
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 32, 198, 211
Chinese, 21, 35, 180
Chomsky, Noam, 3, 7, 15–16, 17, 39, 49
circumstance adverbials, 144–45
clause functions, 8, 117, 130–31, 136
objects and complements, 140–42
clauses, 130–31
main and subordinate, 131–35
thematic structure, 98–102
cleft sentence, 102
Clemetson, L., 74
clippings, 181
closed class, 124–26
Index

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254
INDEX
closed registers, 84
closed syllables, 204
Cobuild Project, 150
cognate vocabulary, 25–26
coherence, 10, 81, 108
cohesion, 10, 81, 102–8
Cohesion in English (1976), 102
cohesive tie, 102
co-hyponyms, 150–51, 174–76
Collegiate Dictionary (Meriam-Webster), 157
Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English 
Dictionary, 158, 174
Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary, 
166
Collins English Dictionary, The (2007), 162
Collins Publishers, 150
Collins Word Web, 162
collocations, 150
commissive speech acts, 50, 52, 65
Committee on Endangered Languages and their 
Preservation (CELP), 43
comparative method, 24–31
competence (linguistic), 9
competence-based language theories, 15–16
compliments, 69
componential analysis, 151, 167–70
compounding, 179
Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 
A (1985), 115
Comrie, B., 27–28, 38
conjunction, 102, 107–8
conjunctive adverbs, 129–30
connotation, 152
Conrad, S., 115, 136, 144
consonants, 198–202, 206
Contemporary English, 24
content words, 100
context, 9
conversation analysis, 86–93
conversational implicature, 56
Cooperative Principle, 55–57
problems with, 61–62
coordinating conjunction, 107
copula, 137
Cornbleet, S., 49
Corpus of London Teenage English (COLT), 73
cost–benefit scale, 65–66
count nouns, 117–19