Ingliz tili I fakulteti

Art and Architecture

The socio-political situation and the spread of Islam had a strong influence on the development of medieval culture. During this period, numerous palaces, mosques, madrassas, minarets, mausoleums, covered markets, and caravanserais were built in Samarkand, Bukhara, Urgench, Termez, and Merv. Striking examples of architecture of that time are the mausoleum of Ismail Samani, the Namazgoh mosque and the Kalyan minaret in Bukhara, as well as the Vabkent, Jarkurgan minarets and many other structures. These monuments give a vivid idea of the development of architecture.

During this period, in addition to monumental buildings, various channels, bridges, dams, reservoirs — bands, aqueducts, underground water pipelines — kyariz were constructed, for the creation of which rubble stone, burnt brick, and water-resistant solutions were widely used. During their construction, mathematical calculations were already used. For example, in X century in the Nurata mountains was erected a strong dam in the gorge Posttag, which formed a large reservoir with a capacity of 1.5 million m3. The reservoir dam, called Honbandi, was constructed of granite using liquid solutions, considering not only the vertical and horizontal destructive force of the water pressure in the reservoir bowl, but also the seismicity of the region. This, no doubt, indicates that the hydraulic engineers of Maverannahr for seven centuries ahead used the law of pressure of liquids, called Pascal's law and formulated only in the XVII century.

Since the tenth century in the widely used construction of frame construction with wood reinforcement in the brick and clay walls. This method of construction has survived up to this day. As it became known from the excavations of the settlements of Afrasiab, Varakhsha, Bukhara and Paykend, in X-XI centuries the main place in urban construction was occupied by buildings built of raw brick and pakhsa.