Ingliz tili I fakulteti

Establishment of Chagatai Ulus.

During his lifetime, Genghis Khan divided the conquered lands between his four sons. Jochi, the eldest son, received southern Siberia, Dashti Kipchak (Polovtsian steppe), the Volga region, the Northern regions of Khorezm and the lands up to Derbend. After Jochi's death, this territory passed to Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. The second son-Chigatay became the owner of East Turkestan, Semirechye and Transoxiana. Ogedei was appointed the heir of Genghis Khan and received the property of Western Mongolia and Tarbagatai. The younger son Tului received Mongolia proper, China, and the lands of the Kirghiz. The entire territory conquered by Genghis Khan was divided into uluses, where the genghisids ruled.

After the death of Genghis Khan (1227), Ogedei was elected the great Kagan of the Mongol state. The ruler of ulus was called Khan. The Kagan's residence was in the city of Karakorum, from where he controlled the khans ' activities.

After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol conquests continued westward. In 1236-1240, Russia was conquered and the state of the Golden Horde was formed. In 1256 was entirely captured by Iran and created state of the Ilkhanate. In 1258, Hulagu destroyed the Abbasid dynasty, the last rulers of the Arab Caliphate. Although the Mongols established their power over a vast area of Asia and Europe, they were not able to create a single centralized state.

In the 20s of the XIII century, the territory of Transoxiana, Semirechye and East Turkestan, allocated to Chigatay, became known as Chigatay ulus. The Horde of the Chigatai ulus was located on the Bank of the Ili river.

Chigatay granted the rights to govern Transoxiana to the Khorezm merchant Mahmud Yalavach, who served Genghis Khan before the conquest of Transoxiana. Mahmud chose Khojent as his residence, from where he ruled Maverannahr. Command and control, census and tax collection were in the hands of the Mongolian Chi the case, called darughachi and Tamrac. A large army at the disposal of the Mongol baskaks (the local ruler) was subordinate to Mahmud. Based on this, Mahmud Yalavach fulfilled the requirements of the Mongol khagans and exercised his unlimited power.The chigatai khans introduced various taxes that were forcibly levied on the population for the Central state Treasury.

The basic tax was the land — Kalon, with pastoralists collected Kaptur tax, food tax shulen was levied at the rate of one two-year-old sheep on each sheep and one Mare from every thousand horses.

Artisans and merchants were charged a Targa tax, which was one-thirtieth of the finished or sold products. Tax collection was often carried out under the Barot system, i.e. the tax was collected at a time from officials who later collected it from the population. The owners of the Barot literally robbed the population.