Ingliz tili I fakulteti

Samarkand

Genghis Khan with his army moved towards Samarkand and in March 1220, his troops were already standing at the largest city of Transoxiana. Genghis Khan personally led the siege of the city, being in the country Palace Koksarai. Fierce fighting continued for three days.On the third day, the defenders broke the siege and attacked the Mongols. The Mongols destroyed them. The Mongols destroyed the main irrigation facilities of Samarkand the channel Korgachin Nova (Novacon) and left the city without water. On the fifth day, Samarkand surrendered. The invaders entered the city through the Namazgoh gate and began to destroy the fortifications. The citizens were ordered to leave Samarkand, and the city was completely plundered.

The ruler of the Khorezmshakh state, Sultan Muhammad, having barely escaped from the pursuit of a thirty-thousand-strong detachment sent by Genghis Khan, disappeared in Iran, then moved to the island of Ashura in the South of the Caspian Sea. Finally losing faith in himself and in his own strength, he proclaimed his son Jalaliddin Manguberda as the heir and died completely helpless on this island.

During this period, another group of Mongol troop led by Jochi moved victoriously along the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. He began the conquest with the densely populated rich commercial city of Sygnak. The population of Sygnak heroically resisted for seven days. On the eighth day, the city was captured by the Mongols and destroyed, and the population was destroyed.

In April 1220, the conquerors, having occupied JEND, devastated it. The armed part of the population was executed, and the city was destroyed. The Mongols, with a force of five thousand men, moved up the Saihun river to the city of Binaket (Shahrukhia). After a four-day defense, the city surrendered.

Khojent was located in a bend of the Syr Darya river, which is very convenient in strategic terms. The favorable strategic location of the city and the personal courage of the ruler of the city, Temur Malik, contributed to the unexpected resistance of the Mongols. But the inequality of forces still forced Temur Malik to leave the city and settle with a thousand soldiers on one of the Islands, not far from Khojent. By order of Temur Malik, 11 boats were made, which were protected by felt, smeared with clay with vinegar, so that they could not be set on fire and pierced with arrows. On these covered boats, they swam to the shore and fired at the enemy through special holes in the sides of the boats.

So, Temur Malik has led a defensive battle. However, due to lack of forces, he was forced to load food and weapons on 70 boats and at night, by torchlight, sail along the lower reaches of the Syr Darya.

Thus, the group of Temur Malik with fights reached the city of JEND. Near Barchinligkent and JEND, the Mongols blocked the path of Temur Malik on both banks, but the Khojent fighting party went ashore and engaged in the last battle. After losing the entire army in this battle, Temur Malik reached Urgench and after a while led the people's militia in Khorezm. Temur Malik won the battle with Genghis Khan's son Juchi and liberated the city of Yangikent, located in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya.

In the summer of 1220, Genghis Khan first took Nakhon (Karshi). In the autumn of the same year, he led troops to Termez. On the eleventh day of the siege, after another strong onslaught, the city was taken and destroyed.

After the conquest of the Syr Darya basin (Saykhun), the Zarafshan and Kashkadarya valleys, and the territories located on the right Bank of the middle Amu Darya (Zhaikhun), Genghis Khan threw his main forces at the main region of the state-Khorezm.

At the beginning of 1221, Genghis Khan's troops moved to Urgench. Just proclaimed Sultan Jalalidin Manguberdi arrived in Urgench and proceeded to organize the defense of Khorezm. But Turkan Khatun did not recognize the authority of Manguberdi. The treachery of the former Governor JEND Kutlughan and the Kipchak military leaders forced him to retreat with Temur Malik to Khorasan. It became clear that in the current situation, it was impossible to organize the defense of Urgench against huge enemy forces. Brothers Jalaleddine Uslugah and Acts also left the capital and disappeared. The fate of Urgench was in the hands of a cowardly careerist-Emir Humar-Tegin. In the winter of 1221, 50,000 Mongols surrounded the capital of Khorezm. Despite the superiority of the enemy's military force, the Khorezmians defended their city. The famous Sufi, 76-year-old Ahmad Ibn Omar Khivaki, known as Sheikh Najmiddin Kubro, participated in street battles. To his fervent appeal, " homeland or death!"responded to all the citizens. With this call, the entire city became a battleground. Thousands of invaders were killed in the fighting. So far, the Mongols have not suffered such significant losses in any city of Transoxiana. The bloody battle for Urgench lasted for five months.

Genghis Khan suggested that Najmiddin Kubro and his associates leave the city and thus save their lives. But the Sheikh rejected the offer. In the end, in a brutal unequal battle with the enemy, the severely wounded Najmiddin Kubro rushed at the enemy warrior heroically and died. From despair and heavy losses, Urgench was forced to surrender to the enemy and was looted. After destroying the main dam, the Mongols flooded the city with water.

After capturing the main cities of Maverannahr, the Mongol invaders moved to the major commercial and cultural centers of Khorasan: Balkh,

Herat, Merv, Gazna located South of the Amu Darya. But in these parts, they met with strong resistance from Jalaliddin Manguberda. Here he gathered a large army.

A few years ago, Jalaliddin Manguberdy was proclaimed ruler of the territories of Ghazna, Bamyan, and territories before India. So, he moved on the direction of gazna. Along the way, he was joined by the governors of Khorasan with their troops. Sultan Jalaladin had a devastating impact on the Mongolian troops near the city of Nisa, Kandahar and arrived in Gasno. New forces were joining it. Jalaliddin repulses the Mongols who besieged the fortress of Valien and defeats them. It was the biggest and most important victory of Jaloliddin Manguberdi.

Genghis Khan sent against Jalaliddin Manguberdi forty-five thousand troops, led by Noyon Shiki Huhuhu. In the battle of the Parvan steppe near Ghazna, Jalaliddin won. But there were disagreements among his captains over the division of the captured spoils. Sayfiddin Agrak, Azam Malik and Muzaffar Malik betrayed Khorezmshah and led their troops away. As a result, Jalaliddin's military power was significantly weakened.

Genghis Khan, seizing the opportunity, moved his troops to Gasno and broke the disparate groups Manguberdi. Leading unequal battles, Jalaliddin with a thinning army moves to the river sind (Indus). On November 25, 1221, a fierce battle took place on the Bank of the river, in which Jalaliddin inflicted several blows on the Mongol troops. But the ten-thousandth Mongol army that emerged from the ambush decided the outcome of this battle with a crushing blow. Not wanting to give up, Jalaliddin on horseback jumped from the steep Bank into the stormy river and swam to the other side of the Indus. About four thousand soldiers escaped with him. In our time, one Bank of the river is called "horse Race", and the other - "jalaliddin's Steppe". Genghis Khan, impressed by the heroism of Manguberdi, did not pursue their enemy. He even said to his sons, " This is how your father's son should be."

Jalaliddin continued fighting against the Mongols on the territory of Iran and Azerbaijan for another eleven years.

Thus, although Jalaliddin Manguberdy and his colleagues have been fighting heroically against the enemy for many years, they have not been able to preserve the freedom of their native land. In 1231, the reign of the last Khorezmshah ended. The great state in the East ceased to exist.
In independent Uzbekistan, the 800th anniversary of the great commander who sacrificed his life for the freedom of the Motherland was widely celebrated in 1999. A monument has been erected in Khorezm, a square and a street named after it, a video film has been shot, a play and dastans have been written. On August 30, 2000, the order "Jaloliddin Manguberdi" was established — the highest military award of the Republic of Uzbekistan for courage and heroism in the name of protecting the Motherland.

The Mongol conquest dealt a severe blow to the economic life of Transoxiana and Khorezm. Flourishing agricultural oases and cities were devastated, especially Bukhara, Samarkand, Urgench, Merv, Binaket and Khojent were reduced to ruins. The famous Sultanabad, the head dam of the Merv oasis irrigation system, was also destroyed.

Samarkand residents left their native places. The population of the Merv oasis was forced to settle in other territories due to waterlessness. Urgench was completely flooded with water. Because of the sharp decline in the population, the area sown has decreased significantly and agriculture has fallen into decline. The forcible hijacking of many thousands of skilled craftsmen in Mongolia has weakened the craft industry

The great silk road, which existed for many centuries, completely stopped during the Mongol invasion. The cultural, economic and scientific life of the country was severely damaged.