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Diplomatic Relations
Genghis Khan and Khorezmshah are trying to explore the strength and capabilities of each state and collect data about it. Diplomatic relations are established between these States.
In 1216, Sultan Muhammad sent the first Embassy headed by Bahouddin Razi to the residence of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan receives ambassadors in a friendly manner, even asking them to tell Sultan Muhammad that he considers Khorezmshah to be the Lord of the West and himself the Lord of the East. With a return visit to Khorezm, Genghis Khan sends ambassadors, as well as a caravan loaded with expensive gifts and goods. The Embassy was headed by a Khorezm merchant, Mahmud Yalavach. Sultan Muhammad received the ambassadors of Genghis Khan in 1218 in Bukhara. The ambassadors reported that the Mongols were ready to conclude a peace Treaty and recognized Sultan Muhammad as a great sovereign, who was counted among their favorite sons. This" honor " — to number him among your favorite sons — undoubtedly meant a selfish goal to subdue Khorezmshah. Muhammad, who fancied himself as the second Alexander the great, didn't like these words. In a secret conversation with the Ambassador of Genghis Khan, the irate khwarezmshah tried to bribe Mahmud Yalavach and get information about the Mongols, and asked him to serve not Genghis Khan, but the Shah of Khwarezm and be his spy in the future. Genghis Khan remains satisfied with the result of the mission of his ambassadors, because Mahmud Yalavach returned with a lot of information for Genghis Khan about the state of Khorezm and its ruler.
Genghis Khan, in order to conclude a Treaty between the two great neighboring States, in the same year 1218, sent ambassadors and a large trade caravan to Khorezm, in which there were 450 people and 500 camels loaded with gold, silver products, Chinese silk fabrics, furs and other valuable goods. This huge caravan was going towards the capital of the state — the city of Urgench. But the caravan was detained near the border town of Otrar. By order of the Governor of the city of Gorgona (of Inalcik) the caravan was plundered, and killed all the traders. Only one man remained alive — a camel driver. Having hardly reached the residence of Genghis Khan, he told about the fate of the caravan.
Enraged and insulted, Genghis Khan sent Ibn Kefrej Bogr to Khorezm, giving him two guards, demanding that the perpetrators be punished and that Inalchik be handed over him. In response, khwarezmshah ordered the Ambassador to be killed, and those who accompanied him to cut their beards-which meant humiliating them-and sent back. All this was the reason for the complete cessation of trade relations and diplomatic relations between the two great States. Thus, this event, organized by Khorezmshah, was an occasion for starting campaigns. A military clash between the two States became inevitable.
At the beginning of the XIII century, the total number of troops of the Khorezmshakh state significantly exceeded the military power of Genghis Khan. However, the power in the state was fragile, because in these difficult times for the state, officials left their places, did not obey the sovereign and acted willfully. The Khakim of some regions were only nominally subordinated to Khorezmshah, remaining in fact almost independent. There were intrigues inside the Sultan's Palace. The strongest party at court was led by Sultan Muhammad's mother, Turkan Khatun, i.e., the leader of the party, the mother of the Turks, who was closely related to the Kipchak aristocrats, who were considered the main commanders of the army, due to their tribal relations. In favor of her people, she led all the troubles that took place in the Palace. Even instilled a hostile mood against the ruler.
Internal conflicts, Palace intrigues. the self-will of officials and the discontent of the people inevitably led the country to a political crisis. To remedy this dangerous situation, Sultan Muhammad at the end of his reign established the so-called State Council of six members, which discussed the most important issues of the state and made decisions. However, in practice, these decisions did not yield positive results. In such a difficult situation, he found himself face to face with the warlike Mongol tribes led by Genghis Khan, who alone managed a well-organized and disciplined army.
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