Figure 5.1: Distribution of personal pronouns across TravCorp and SettCorp, normalised per
10,000 words
Figure 5.1 demonstrates that the personal pronoun lemmas I and YOU are more
frequent in TravCorp than in SettCorp, I being approximately 1.3 times as frequent
and YOU occurring approximately 1.8 times more frequently. In addition, YOU
occurs 1.5 times more frequently than I in TravCorp, whereas the frequencies are
roughly comparable in SettCorp. In contrast, WE occurs 1.3 times more frequently
in SettCorp than in TravCorp. Finally, THEY occurs with similar frequency across
both corpora. The analysis sections below will attempt to complement the
quantitative data presented in Table 5.2 and Figure 5.1 through a detailed qualitative
406
598
88
119
319
333
114
122
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
I
YOU
WE
THEY
TravCorp
SettCorp
126
examination of each lemma in an effort to account for the reasons for the apparent
pragmatic variation between the two datasets.
5.3.1 YOU and I
The personal pronouns
I
and
you
play a large part in constructing the deictic centre
among participants in conversation (see Lyons, 1977; Levinson, 1983; Fillmore,
1997). From Table 5.1, it can be seen that
I
and
you
place very highly in all three
frequency lists and, according to Rühlemann (2007: 112), one of the most important
reasons for this originates „in the fact that conversation is co-constructed, with
speakers taking turns and each new turn requiring the reconstruction of the new
speaker‟s deictic system.‟ As Table 5.2 shows, I is more frequent than YOU in
LCIE, whereas YOU is more frequent than I in both TravCorp and SettCorp, perhaps
marking this as a feature of the pragmatic system of the family CofP as opposed to
casual conversation in general. One of the reasons for this can be found in studies
examining participant deixis in the interaction of adults and children from the
perspective of American families‟ use of motherese, the language used by parents to
talk to toddlers or infants. Wells (1977: 275 cited in Mühlhäusler and Harré, 1990:
256), maintains that „in BT [baby talk], the Receiver category is far more elaborated
than in adult talk, even more so than the Sender category.‟ In „normal‟ everyday
interaction the Sender category, which I is part of, dominates (cf. Rühlemann, 2007),
however, the Receiver category, featuring YOU, is dominant in motherese. This,
according to Wells (1977), is a reflection of the fact that the child is the centre of
attention in the family. In this study, in TravCorp, 56% of the occurrences of YOU
are enacted by the parents, while in SettCorp, that figure is 55%, this being despite
the fact that the two parents in each family are often in conversation with at least two
other children and sometimes, in the case of TravCorp, with more than four children.
This runs contrary to the assertion that deixis is organised from an egocentric
viewpoint (see Levinson, 1983) and points towards the possibility of a child-centred
deixis in the pragmatic systems of these families. This can be seen in the following
extract (5.2):
127
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |