4 Fuel crops outnumber food crops in developing countries.
IEL TS Reading (Activi 84} ..,. Old dogs and new tricks The first days of an animal's life play a major part in shaping its future.
TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN Cormorant birds are used in China and Japan to catch fish in a traditional method of river fishing that
dates back thousands of years. A cormorant dives under the water, catches a fish, and then clings to a
bamboo pole that the fisherman swings into the boat. It is easy to train a cormorant to behave like this
because the bird has been imprinted on the fisherman instead of its natural mother. The fisherman
imprints the cormorant on himself by appearing to the chick when it hatches out of the egg.
The young bird mistakes the fisherman for the mother bird and bonds with him, responding to his voice
and, later, swimming alongside his boat. This 'follow response' is nature's way of preventing young birds
from straying from their mother. The process of imprinting lasts for a period of up to two days after
hatching. After this sensitive period the effect of the imprinting remains unchanged for the lifetime of the
bird and cannot be reversed.
Dogs, cats, sheep, horses and other animals go through a process of imprinting similar to birds. In the
case of dogs, the sensitive period lasts for up to 12 weeks. During this time the puppy can imprint on
both its natural mother and on humans. Puppies are born blind and deaf, and naturally stay close to their
mothers so they do not need an immediate 'follow response'. The sensitive period lasts from the second
week to the fourteenth week of life. It is critical that a dog is socialized with other dogs, family pets and
with people within this time frame. If the basic social behaviour is not imprinted in a puppy by the
fourteenth week it will lead to behavioural problems later in life that are difficult to change.
A puppy should be left with its natural mother and the litter for several weeks before being socialized
with people. If a puppy is taken away from its natural mother too early and handled by people then it
sees humans as its natural companions and dogs as complete strangers. Dogs that have only been
socialized with people are likely to be aggressive towards another person's dog or even attack it.
Conversely, a dog that has been kept with the mother and litter for too long will not regard humans
as companions and is more likely to be aggressive towards people and bite them. Dogs that have not
been adequately socialized with both dogs and people can be difficult to control and will not respond to
training.
1 Cormorants imprinted on fishermen are difficult to train.
2 Imprinting stops young birds from getting separated from their mother.
3 Chicks are sensitive to imprinting -for up to 48 hours after hatching.
4 Imprinting in birds is temporary.
5 Puppies can only imprint on other dogs and humans.