148
IELTS Reading Formula
(MAXIMISER)
IELTS Reading (Activi!Y
83}
TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN
..,. Bi.ofuels backlash
Biodiesel and bio-ethanol are cleaner, sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based fuels, which
continue to deplete. Biofuels can be grown repeatedly from crops making them 100% renewable. Bio
ethanol is made in a similar way to 'moonshine' by fermenting cereals like corn and maize and then
distilling the brew to evaporate the ethanoL Biodiesel is manufactured from the vegetable oils found in
sunflower seeds, rapeseed and the oil palm. Gasoline (petrol) engines can be tuned to run on 90%
ethanol blended with 10% petroleum and biodiesel is a direct replacement for existing road diesel.
Carbon-dioxide is the principal man-made greenhouse gas. It traps heat in the atmosphere and
increases global warming causing polar ice to recede and sea- levels to rise. Energy crops offer one
solution to the deleterious effects of carbon- dioxide emitted from vehicle exhausts. Biofuels are 100%
.carbon-neutral, which means that there is no net gain or loss of carbon to the environment when the
fuels are burnt. The carbon-dioxide does not add to the total amount in the atmosphere because the
crops absorb the equivalent amount of carbon-dioxide by photosynthesis as they grow. Consequently, the
'carbon footprint' of gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles can be reduced by switching to bio-ethanol or
biodiesel. The latter burns more efficiently than petroleum diesel leaving less unburned hydrocarbons,
carbon- monoxide and particulates, which means less atmospheric pollution as well as less global
warming. Biofuels are less toxic than fossil fuels and biodegrade if spilt on the ground.
Not everybody believes that biofuels are the ideal alternative to fossil fuels. The status of biofuels as
environmentally friendly can be challenged on several counts. Firstly, to provide space for energy-crop
plantations, trees are felled and burnt which creates a surplus of carbon-dioxide. Secondly, in tropical
rainforests the loss of trees threatens biodiversity by destroying habitat. Thirdly, deforestation increases
the evaporation of water from the ground, which can lead to extensive droughts. These deficits can be
discounted if the energy crops are planted on existing agricultural land, but if this is done it reduces the
supply of food crops, creating a surge in food prices. Furthermore, in developing countries people have
barely sufficient food to eat and switching to fuel crops could threaten their meagre food supplies.
1 Bio-ethanol is a non-renewable fuel source.
2
Burning biodiesel instead of petroleum diesel generates less pollution.
3 Food prices fall when fuel crops are planted on land used to grow-food.
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