11.2.2 Analysis of the Rules on Evidence of the ad hoc tribunals
Two main principles, common to both tribunals, can be derived from r 89. The first is
that national rules of evidence have no binding effect (r 89(A)).
29
The ICTY and ICTR
Rules of Procedure and Evidence are nevertheless influenced by domestic legal
systems, and so are their interpretations.
30
The civil law influence can be traced back to
r 89(C) by virtue of which all relevant evidence with probative value may be admitted.
This reflects the free system of proof, which is inherent to most civil law jurisdictions,
31
and constitutes the second principle that can be derived from r 89.
32
As rightly pointed
out in the
Tadic
case: ‘In the civil law system, the judge is responsible for determining
the evidence that may be presented during trial, guided primarily by its relevance and
its revelation of truth.’
33
Common law systems, on the other hand, are familiar with
exclusionary rules, such as rules that exclude irrelevant evidence in general,
34
and
more specifically hearsay evidence, similar fact or character evidence, opinion
evidence, evidence protected by public immunity interest, evidence protected by legal
privilege, and improperly obtained evidence, in particular confessions that are made
under pressure. Thus, the assessment of the reliability of evidence takes place at a
different point in time. In common law systems the assessment occurs prior to trial, at
the stage of the admission of evidence, while the assessment in civil law systems
occurs after trial when judges deliberate on the basis of the totality of evidence
presented at trial. The main reason for this difference in approach is, as briefly pointed
out in the introduction, that common law systems rely on juries to render their
judgments. Dubious evidence should be kept away from them, as such may influence
29
This has been confirmed by the case law of both ad hoc tribunals. See, eg,
Tadic
decision on hearsay (5
August 1996), para 7;
Akayesu
judgment (2 September 1998), para 131, where the Chamber noted that
‘it is not restricted under the Statute of the Tribunal to apply any particular legal system and is not
bound by any national rules of evidence. In accordance with r 89 of its Rules of Procedure and
Evidence, the Chamber has applied the rules of evidence which in its view best favour a fair
determination of the matter before it and are consonant with the spirit of the Statute and general
principles of law
’
. Further confirmed, in
Prosecutor v Rutaganda,
Judgment (6 December 1999), Case
No ICTR-96–3-T, paras 16–17, and
Prosecutor v Musema,
Judgment (27 January 2000), Case No ICTR-
96–13-T, para 33;
Brdanin and Talk,
Admission of Evidence Order (15 February 2002), para 5.
30
The Chambers examine both civil and common law systems when determining an issue. See
Tadic
decision on hearsay (5 August 1996), para 7.
31
In the French system this principle is referred to as
‘le principe de la liberté des preuves’
, meaning that,
apart from the cases where the law provides otherwise, offences may be proven by any means of
evidence, and it is for the judge to decide according to his ‘intime conviction’ (ie, inner conviction)
(Art 427, Code de Procedure Pénale). G Stefani, G Levasseur and B Bouloc,
Procédure Pénale,
1867,
18th edn, 2001, France: Dalloz, p 108, paras 131, 132 and pp 117–18, para 150. In Belgium the same
principle of ‘intime conviction’ is applied (Code d’Instruction Criminelle, Art 342). In Germany, the
system of proof is one of
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |