International Criminal Law
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covered by cross-examination in
Blaskic
which ought to be raised in this case’.
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The
ICTR adopted a similar approach.
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The same approach is applied to the admission of hearsay evidence as to other
forms of evidence. The core issues are again relevance and probative value in
connection with reliability. To evaluate the relevance, probative value and reliability
of the hearsay evidence:
the Trial Chamber will hear both the circumstances under which the evidence arose
as well as the content of the statement. The Trial Chamber may be guided by, but not
bound to, hearsay exceptions generally recognised by some national legal systems,
as well as the truthfulness, voluntariness, and trustworthiness of the evidence, as
appropriate. In bench trials before the International Tribunal, this is the most efficient
and fair method to determine the admissibility of out-of-court statements.
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In sum, from the case law it appears that hearsay evidence is admitted as a rule,
even where a statement constitutes multiple hearsay. This fact on its own gravely
undermines the right to cross-examination, which is inherent in a fair trial. This
disadvantage to the defence can be partly compensated if judges take it sufficiently
into account when weighing the evidence.
11.5 DEPOSITION EVIDENCE
Deposition evidence is out-of-court evidence given by a witness. Thus, the deposition
replaces the witness’s appearance in court, and is generally conditional upon the
unavailability of the witness.
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The deposition will normally be taken by a court
official in presence of the defence who has the right to cross-examine the witness.
The trial judges or jury members will not hear the witness directly but will rely on
the record made of the deposition. Notwithstanding the maintenance of the
defendant’s right to cross-examine the witness, this is a form of hearsay by common
law standards. Its use at the
ad hoc
Tribunals is explicitly allowed on the basis of r 71
of the ICTY and ICTR Rules. The use of deposition evidence is an exception to the
general rule that witnesses should testify orally in court, which follows from r 90(A)
of the ICTR Rules and r 89(F) of the ICTY Rules.
In its original form, r 71 could only be invoked in exceptional circumstances and
in the interests of justice. The onus is on the party seeking to admit deposition
evidence to demonstrate exceptional circumstances and interests of justice. Over
time, the use of deposition evidence became standard, and exceptional circumstances
were easily accepted.
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In the
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