International Criminal Law
292
yet is not entitled to listen to other witnesses, although this does not disqualify him
as a witness.
18
A witness has a right to refuse to make statements which may tend to
incriminate him, unless compelled by the judges to answer a question.
19
Rule 90(F)
of the ICTY Rules, introduced initially as r 90(G) on 9/10 July 1998, and r 90(F) of the
ICTR Rules, introduced on 8 June 1998, gives the Trial Chamber the authority to
control the cross-examination,
20
and finally r 90(H) of the ICTY Rules and r 90(G) of
the ICTR Rules, both introduced by the same amendment as 90(G) and 90(F)
respectively, limit the cross-examination to the subject matter of the evidence-in-
chief and matters affecting the credibility of the witness.
21
Rule 90
bis
of the ICTY
Rules, which is identical to r 90
bis
of the ICTR Rules, arranges the transfer of detained
witnesses. Rule 91 covers false testimony under solemn declaration. Rule 92 is
interesting in the sense that it shifts the burden of proof. Rule 92 of both tribunals
provides: ‘A confession by the accused given during questioning by the Prosecutor
shall, provided the requirements of r 63 were strictly complied with, be presumed to
have been free and voluntary unless the contrary is proved.’ Thus, contrary to the
common law approach, if an accused person confessed allegedly against his will, it
is up to him to demonstrate that the confession was involuntary. From the Rules it is
unclear whether the standard of proof is the standard beyond reasonable doubt, or
that based on the balance of probabilities.
22
17
As will be pointed out later in this chapter, this is the only situation where corroboration is required.
18
ICTY Rules, r 90(C); ICTR Rules, r 90(D). An exception applies to experts. In addition, ICTY Rules, r
90(D) introduced as r 90(E) on 9/10 July 1998, states that investigators may, upon order of the Chamber,
testify even when they have been present in court during the proceedings. ICTR Rules, r 90 does not
include a similar provision.
19
ICTY and ICTR Rules, r 90(E). If judges indeed compel the witness to answer a question, such
testimony cannot subsequently be used against the witness, save in proceedings relating to false
testimony.
20
ICTY Rules, r 90(G) is more extensive than ICTR Rules, r 90(F). ICTY Rules, r 90(G) holds that the
Trial Chamber ‘shall exercise control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses and
presenting evidence so as to (i) make the interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment
of the truth; and (ii) avoid needless consumption of time’. ICTR Rules, r 90(F) did not adopt the
same qualification.
21
Note that ICTR Rules, r 90(G) speaks of ‘points raised in the examination-of-chief. Though different
terminology, in practice there is no difference. ICTY Rules, r 90(H) is more extensive than ICTR
Rules, r 90(G). ICTY Rules, r 90(H) provides: ‘(i) Cross-examination shall be limited to the subject
matter of the evidence-in-chief and matters affecting the credibility of the witness and, where the
witness is able to give evidence relevant to the case for the cross-examining party, to the subject
matter of that case, (ii) In the cross-examination of a witness who is able to give evidence relevant
to the case for the cross-examination party, counsel shall put to that witness the nature of the case
of the party for whom that counsel appears which is in contradiction of the evidence given by the
witness, (iii) The Trial Chamber may, in the exercise of its discretion, permit enquiry into additional
matters.’ Rule 90(G) ICTR Rules simply states, in addition to the aforementioned principle of
limitation of cross-examination, that the Trial Chamber ‘may, if it deems it advisable, permit enquiry
into additional matters, as if on direct examination’. By an amendment of 12 April 2001, a new r
90(G) was introduced to the ICTY Rules, whereby the Trial Chamber ‘may refuse to hear a witness
whose name does not appear on the list of witnesses compiled pursuant to Rules 73
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: