246 ZOKIROV,
UMAROV
one realizes from the fact that in 2007 fully 14 percent of households in the Kyrgyz
Republic and 37 percent of households in Tajikistan sent one or more members
to work abroad.
47
Research on Tajikistan’s Sokh region in 2006 produced vivid evidence of the
impact of remittances in the Ferghana Valley. One out of five households in Sokh
received payments from family members abroad. As a result, Sokh had the low-
est poverty rates in Tajikistan’s north, despite the fact that it is an Uzbek enclave
within the territory of Tajikistan and suffers economically from the absence of a
border agreement between the two countries.
48
There are significant regional differentials on migration from the Ferghana Val-
ley. For example, the outflow from Osh is far higher than from Jalalabad. Since
most migrants work in the shuttle trade and construction, it is natural that urban
areas produce more migrants.
49
Whatever their origin, migrant laborers go far afield,
with Ferghana migrants traveling as far away as EU countries, the United States
and Canada, Japan, South Korea, Turkey, Australia, China, and Afghanistan. It is
estimated that 10,000 Kyrgyz citizens are currently working illegally in Britain.
50
However, in recent years the concentration of migrants
in Russia has become
overwhelming, with 97.6 percent of the total heading there by 2004.
51
Wherever they are, such migrants, by their absence, help alleviate the problem
of surplus labor at home. No wonder that the Tajik government recognizes labor
migration as an essential element of the state’s employment policy.
52
The possibility
that Russia might need to attract as many as 15 million new workers in the next
several years
53
suggests that the Ferghana Valley, with its high population density
and excess labor, will have a ready outlet for reducing demographic pressures. Such
numbers also presage mounting sums coming into the region from remittances, as
well as jobs created locally by migrant entrepreneurs based abroad.
54
Arguably the
main negative aspect of the migration process is that it denies to the Ferghana area
thousands of its most energetic and ambitious young men, which in turn impacts
on the character of the unemployed class left behind.
It is appropriate to think of Ferghana workers abroad as overseas extensions
of the local economy. In 2008 remittances from migrant workers accounted for
43 percent of GDP in Tajikistan and 28 percent in the Kyrgyz Republic. Uzbeki-
stan gained a solid $3.5 billion from remittances, which went not to the central
government but to the local citizenry. The 2008–9 financial crisis was expected to
decimate remittances by as much as a third, but the drop, while significant proved
less than that.
55
However, an influx of unemployed returning migrants could create
instability in the Ferghana region and elsewhere.
56
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