Social Development
The Khrushchev era saw significant efforts to break down the Ferghana Valley’s
isolation within Central Asia. In 1956 construction began on the important Tashkent-
152 NAZAROV, SHOZIMOV
Angren-Kokand mountain road, which would improve highway links between
Tashkent and the Ferghana Valley. The first cars passed down the highway in
November 1959.
81
A few years later the first air routes were opened to the region,
including both major centers and towns like Isfara in Tajikistan. Such flights, which
made possible new forms of economic and cultural interaction, were later to be
suspended after independence due to a shortage of fleets to service them.
82
Other communications emerged at this time. A relay center built in Andijan in the
1950s improved telephone, radio, and eventually television links with Tashkent.
83
A particularly important event for the Tajik part of Ferghana was the launch of
television broadcasting there in 1957. Until this time, most apartments in Leninabad
were served only by wired radio. In 1963, the first line of video telephony between
Tashkent and Andijan began to operate,
84
and in 1966 a retransmitter was initiated
in Uzgen near Osh, through which twenty-seven regions of Kyrgyzstan could ac-
cess central programming.
85
Whatever its drawbacks, the prosperity created by the cotton mono-culture
brought improvements in daily life. In the late 1950s heating gas lines were installed
in Ferghana, Margilan, and Kokand, and a number of rural regions in Ferghana and
Andijan provinces, and water systems were constructed in Ura-Tyube, Proletarsk,
Sovetabad, and elsewhere. In the late 1950s millions of rubles were spent to build
social clubs, stores, teahouses, schools, kindergartens, clinics and hospitals in ru-
ral districts of Andijan.
86
A large boarding school was opened in Ura-Tyube, and
a health resort was established in Chartak near Namangan. In July 1959, athletes
from the Kuva district of Ferghana won top honors in the first national meet for
rural athletes.
87
In September 1960, Uzbekistan’s first (secular) wedding palace
opened its doors in Kokand.
Health concerns in the Ferghana Valley increasingly attracted governmental at-
tention and resources. Following the usual Soviet practice, the initial emphasis was
on preventive clinics, which were opened in the Palvantash oil fields, the Andijan
hydrolytic factory, and the Kokand superphosphate plant in the mid-1960s.
88
Later in that decade, large multi-field hospitals began to operate in Andijan, along
with maternity clinics in Ferghana and Andijan and polyclinics and dispensaries
in all regions of the valley.
89
During the 1970s six new hospitals with 2,300 beds
began operating, raising Andijan province’s total to 17,880 beds in 1979. Millions
were also spent on pediatric and obstetrical institutes. In 1981, a 90-bed maternity
hospital began operating in the Andijan province, and the next year a 60-bed branch
of a children’s hospital opened in Namangan.
A similar expansion of medical services occurred in the Tajik sector of the val-
ley. By the 1970s, there were 96 hospital institutions with 9,800 beds in Leninabad
province, which was served by one doctor for every 793 people. In addition, the
province built several health sanitariums, including one at Oksukon Lake that
provided mud treatments and a spa for climatotherapy at Shakhristan.
90
During the
same decade Osh province in Kyrgyzstan focused similar resources on hospital
construction. This resulted in 105 hospital institutions with 14,100 beds. The 1,800
THE KHRUSHCHEV AND BREZHNEV ERAS 153
doctors who served there provided a ratio of one doctor for every 748 persons. The
medicinal baths developed in Jalalabad gained great popularity, as did health spas
at Arslanbob, Kyzyl-Ungur, and Sari-Chelek.
91
Notwithstanding these various initiatives, medical services remained a problem
in the Ferghana Valley. It was easier to construct buildings than to train doctors, and
most of the medical personnel were poorly prepared.
92
Feldshers frequently did the
work of doctors. Many of the newly built hospitals and clinics were merely referral
institutions for true hospitals and polyclinic institutes located in Tashkent or Frunze.
Indeed, as revealed by studies conducted after the collapse of the USSR, a significant
percentage of medical institutions in the Ferghana Valley were unheated and had no
hot water. Even in large population centers, medical care fell far short of Soviet norms,
let alone international standards.
93
For example, in Tashkent there were 64.6 doctors
and 156.2 hospital beds for every 10,000 persons, but in the Ferghana province these
respective figures were 13 for doctors and 98.3 for hospital beds.
94
Similarly unfavor-
able ratios were manifest in both the Tajik and Kyrgyz districts of the valley.
A number of diseases reached the level of epidemics, among them cholera,
which in 1970 spread to the Ferghana Valley after initial outbreaks in the Caspian
region. Outbreaks of tuberculosis in the 1970s presaged a much larger epidemic of
this disease a decade later. When it first spread in Ferghana in 1975, the Andijan
Executive Committee discussed the problem at several meetings, which resulted
in the arrival in the province of twenty-seven doctors who had completed intern-
ships in phthisiology, and twenty-five more who had upgraded their qualifications
at institutes of advanced medical study. Moscow-based centers opened branches
in the Izbaskent region of Andijan province, but these had to refer all but simplest
cases to the national capital.
95
On June 25, 1977 the Council of Ministers of the
republic acted to improve efforts to combat tuberculosis among the population.
No less than medicine, the social welfare of Ferghana Valley residents became
a major concern in these years. In Ferghana province the Standing Commission of
the Kuva State Council on Health and Social Welfare passed legislation to protect
mothers and children. In the course of discussing these measures, many shortcom-
ings came to light. The State Ministry required the local social security departments,
leaders of industrial enterprises, and state farm directors to eliminate the existing
flaws, and the Standing Commission took measures to assure the orders were fol-
lowed.
96
Pension increases of nearly 10 percent doubtless improved social welfare
in all three sectors of the Ferghana Valley in the 1970s.
97
Payments to the disabled
were also increased in 1979, thanks to legislation enacted in Moscow.
98
In the late 1970s there was growing concern over the fate of women throughout
the Ferghana Valley. Andijan province was typical of many others, when in May
1976 it carried out a review of pension payments, employment, and maternity-leave
benefits for female farm workers. This led to surveys of pension sums offered to
female farm workers, which turned out to be a miserly 126 rubles per month. Over
the following years pensions for women were increased and extended more broadly,
in Ferghana and elsewhere.
99
154 NAZAROV, SHOZIMOV
These and other measures doubtless improved the lives of many people. How-
ever, the official figures record only how much was spent and what the state’s
intentions were, not what actually happened. The question of what actual impact,
if any, these changes had on people’s lives is more elusive. However, there are
some telling indicators. Regarding the overall health of the population, it is surely
relevant that Red Army recruits from the valley were found to be more physically
fit than those from the capitals of all the three Ferghana republics, and were com-
parable to the best nationally.
100
On the other side, the mounting incidence of self-immolation among Ferghana
Valley women in the period from 1950 to 1980 cannot go unmentioned, for it sug-
gests that many younger women not only found their overall welfare unacceptable
and their lives miserable, but had given up hope of finding a way out. The Spiritual
Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia (SADUM) was one of many official
organs to take notice of this tragic but not uncommon phenomenon. In 1950, 1952,
and again in 1955 SADUM even issued fatwas against self-immolation, but with
no appreciable effect.
101
The causes of self-immolation are complex and doubtless
include important cultural and psychological elements that go beyond generalized
problems of “social welfare.” But its existence hints at the possibility of persistent
problems in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev periods that went unaddressed at the
time and would come to the surface only after independence, and in ways that could
be exploited by those wishing to do so.
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