The Cultural Sector
Throughout its history, and especially in the twentieth century, the Ferghana Valley
has been a cultural center and source of artistic and scientific talent for all Central
Asia. The list of Ferghana natives who enriched the culture of the three Ferghana
republics is impressive by any measure, and includes philosophers, historians,
economists, linguists, philologists, orientalists, and film directors. One need only
speak of the first president of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Tashmuhamed
Kari-Niyazov, born in Kokand; Tajik philosopher, historian, and academic Zarif
Radjanov from Leninabad; literary scholar Izzat Sultanov from Osh; historian
and diplomat Sherzod Abdullaev from Ferghana, and his brother, poet Shamshad
Abdullaev; or the film director Kamil Iarmatov from Kanibadam, to appreciate
the range and depth of the valley’s contribution to cultural life. Others who made
their name outside the region never lost their Ferghana roots, among them the very
successful businessman Alisher Usmanov from Namangan; the world-renowned
surgeon Rinat Akchurin from Namangan; and cosmonaut Salidjan Sharipov, from
Uzgen, to name but a few.
In the 1950s the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences organized a multi-disciplinary
study on development in the Ferghana Valley.
102
This gave rise to important educa-
tional advances, including Uzbekistan’s first technical college, established at the
Ferghana hydrolysis plant.
103
Other innovative institutions followed in the 1960s,
THE KHRUSHCHEV AND BREZHNEV ERAS 155
including a textile technical school in Namangan, a reclamation technical school
in Markhamat, and a pedagogical institute and conservatory of music in Andijan.
104
Higher education expanded in the 1950s with the opening of the Andijan Medi-
cal Institute and a branch of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural
Mechanization in Andijan.
105
Similar developments took place in the Tajik part of the valley, with the open-
ing of the Kanibadam Institute of Technology in 1959, followed by the Ura-Tyube
construction school in 1963.
106
By 1958 Tajiks could acquire specialized training in
thirty-two fields, twice the number as three years earlier.
107
A 1955 Plenum of the
Communist Party of Tajikistan severely criticized the republic’s backward com-
mand of technology and its low level of modern skills, but this scarcely applied to
the relatively advanced Ferghana region in the north.
108
In the Kyrgyz sector of the
valley there was a strong emphasis was on the expansion of primary and second-
ary education, which made significant strides in the late 1950s,
109
and on training
programs for those already employed. This concern pervaded the entire region at
the time, with evening classes being opened at nearly all the medical and technical
institutions in Namangan, Andijan, Leninabad, and Osh.
110
By the 1980s the Uzbek part of the valley boasted ten institutes of higher edu-
cation, including pedagogical, medical, and technical institutes, as well as others
devoted to economics and foreign languages. Five of these were established in
Andijan, with others in Ferghana, Kokand, and Namangan.
111
Two additional
institutions of higher education had by then been set up in Osh, including the
Osh Pedagogical Institute (now Osh State University) and a branch of the Frunze
Polytechnic Institute, while the Leninabad Pedagogical Institute (now Khujand
State University) also by then had opened its doors. Meanwhile, the branch of
the Tajikistan Academy of Sciences in Penjikent gained world recognition for the
archaeological database it founded and maintained in those years.
112
During the 1960s and 1970s a dramatic expansion in specialized secondary
education occurred in all three sections of the Ferghana Valley, exposing thousands
of students for the first time to the achievements and complexities of the modern
world. In the Uzbek part fifty secondary schools were now operating.
113
Communist
ideology was offered in all of them, of course, but Soviet officials at the time were
so deeply concerned over lapses in such training that they rewarded a school in
Namangan for the correctness of its curriculum in history and society.
114
In the Kyrgyz part of the valley, the expansion of specialized secondary educa-
tion gave rise to six new institutions in the provincial capital of Osh,
115
with others
in Jalalabad,
116
Uzgen, and Kyzyl-Kiya. Eleven such institutions, enrolling 10,400
students, operated in the Tajik part of the valley,
117
including such highly regarded
institutions as the Pushkin School No. 1 in Leninabad, the Chapaev School in
Kanibadam, and School No. 1 in the Nausk region. Those in Leninabad focused
on textiles, construction, accounting, pedagogy, medicine, and music.
118
The arts flourished in parallel with these advances in specialized technical
education. The specific arts in question were those supported by the Soviet govern-
156 NAZAROV, SHOZIMOV
ment in Moscow, which meant that the Ferghana Valley for the first time gained
intensive exposure to the arts of Europe, with an important but secondary role
for the arts of the region itself. In the 1960s the Uzbek Music and Drama Theater
of Andijan and Ferghana was transformed into a theater of Musical Drama and
Comedy, where the entire oeuvre of the European and Russian stage was offered
for the first time to Central Asian audiences. When the Ferghana Museum opened
a “National University of Regional Knowledge,” the subject matter was filtered
through the prism of European/Russian regional folk studies.
Evidence that works of world culture had found a receptive audience in the Fer-
ghana Valley can be found in the thriving amateur performances in the provincial
capitals. In April 1966, Uzbekistan’s first amateur choir was created by students
from the Margilan pedagogical school.
119
An amateur troupe from the Margilan Silk
Weaving Combine prepared a music and dance show on the friendship of peoples,
while a group from the Andijan Engineering Plant performed both “European” and
national compositions. Other amateur performances were devoted to acceptably
Soviet themes like “Glory to the Heroes” and “To the Glory of Labor,” and these
invariably featured songs and declamations of a type that would have been familiar
to any European audience.
120
The fact that several of these troupes performed suc-
cessfully throughout the Soviet Union attests to their integration into the broader
cultural mainstream.
121
Cultural exchanges within the USSR and Soviet bloc brought European per-
formers to the Ferghana Valley. Typical were a Festival of Belorussian Art and
Literature held in Kokand and Margilan,
122
and a visit by Bulgarian literati and
filmmakers to Ferghana and Andijan.
123
In October 1968, Ferghana, Kokand, and
Andijan celebrated a “Decade of Culture of the German Democratic Republic” with
a festival that included performances by the fine Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra
and the GDR State Dance Ensemble. In addition to concerts, exhibitions and film
screenings of works from abroad were especially popular.
124
During the 1960s and 1970s the Soviet government sponsored “youth festivals”
that were intended to glorify the achievements of socialism, but which actually
became venues for young people to make contact with the latest trends in popular
culture worldwide. The Ferghana Valley witnessed a number of these events. In
April 1974, the “Days of Soviet Literature” took place in Leninabad and other
cities of Tajikistan, in which writers and poets from Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ka-
zakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine presented their works.
125
In 1982 the
second Youth Festival of the Central Asian Republics and Kazakhstan drew large
audiences to Isfara.
126
The penetration of European culture into the Ferghana Valley reached a new
stage with the debut of the Osh Province Symphony Orchestra in February 1966.
127
In May of the same year the Kyrgyz Drama Theater toured to Osh, presenting
Chingiz Aitmatov’s “Mother Earth” (Materinskoe pole) in the same production
that was causing stirs in Moscow and the West.
128
In February 1970, a new Music
and Drama Theater opened in Kanibadam in Leninabad province.
129
In January
THE KHRUSHCHEV AND BREZHNEV ERAS 157
1973 it presented the play Ever-Burning Lights by the Azerbaijani playwright
M. Ibragimov, whom the Union of Soviet Writers had once harshly denounced for
“serious mistakes.” In March of that same year, theater companies from Ferghana,
Andijan, Kokand, and Namangan took their most advanced works to a Republic
Festival of Drama and Art in Tashkent.
130
Soviet filmmakers in the 1960s and 1970s stood at the forefront of the cultural
avant-garde, their works earning warm praise from the most advanced critics
abroad. Not surprisingly, cinema in those years gained a prominent place in the
cultural life of the Ferghana Valley as well. In October 1969, the first Republic
Festival of Short Films and Television Movies presented Ferghana audiences the
latest television, popular science, documentaries, and animated films.
131
This was
followed two years later by a second festival, at which twenty-eight films were
screened officially and another thirty-four more experimental works from all over
the USSR were screened unofficially.
132
Several more such festivals were held in
the Ferghana Valley, each of them presenting the liveliest and boldest work by
modern filmmakers from across the USSR.
133
Until the mid-twentieth century, the ancient history of the valley was known
through tradition or from the research of outsiders, mainly Russians. The rise of local
history museums in the 1950s aroused interest among local residents about their early
history. In the early 1950s the Ferghana province’s local history museum, founded by
Russians in 1894, began to mount archaeological expeditions of its own, which were
carried under the direction of Leningrad University graduates N.G. Gorbunova and
B.S. Gamburg. Other museums that opened in the 1960s included the Gafur Gulyam
Museum of Literature in Kokand; the Museum of Scientific Atheism, the only such
museum in the valley, housed in a former mosque in Andijan;
134
and the Usman
Iusupov Museum of the History of Construction of the Great Ferghana Canal, opened
in the village of Kyigan in Andijan province. In Kyrgyzstan, a memorial museum to
Urki Salievoi, the first female Kyrgyz to chair a village council, opened in February
1970 in the Nookat region of Osh province.
135
Also, at Uzgen near Osh, an outdoor
museum was created with the restoration in 1976 of an eleventh- century Karakhanid
mosque and minaret.
136
In Leninabad province the important Rudaki Museum of
Natural History in Penjikent, the Leninabad Province Museum of Natural History,
and the Isfara Museum of Natural History
137
all focused on the flora and fauna of the
region. In doing so, they prepared the way for a more serious consideration of the
environment after independence.
European traditions of monumental art were also introduced to the valley at
this time. These culture-changing works included the 1965 sculpture of the great
eleventh-century physician, Ibn Sina (Avicenna), in Andijan; the 1967 memorial in
Shakhimardan to soldiers who died at the hands of the basmachi;
138
a statue honor-
ing the Ferghana-born statesman, Yuldash Akhunbabaev;
139
and a prize-winning
statue of Lenin in Leninabad.
140
Because Soviet culture was based so thoroughly on Russia’s participation in
European culture, the Ferghana Valley’s embrace of Soviet culture during the 1960s
158 NAZAROV, SHOZIMOV
and 1970s gave the valley a new window on the wider world. Recognition from
abroad validated and celebrated that embrace. At the first All-Union Festival of
People’s Ensembles in Chisinau, Moldova, in 1968 the Namangan House of Cul-
ture received first prize. In 1973 the Andijan Puppet Theater won a second place at
the International State Puppet Show, while in 1978 the “Anor” ensemble from the
House of Culture in Kuva, Ferghana, took first prize in the International Folklore
Festival in Belgium. The next year saw the debut of the Rhythms of Uzbekistan
ensemble of the four Khakimov brothers from the Andijan Cotton Mill. Within
months they were showcased at the Uzbekistan Folk Art Exhibit in Madrid, along
with crafts from across the Ferghana Valley.
141
All of these many new initiatives were duly celebrated in the Ferghana Valley’s
media, which mushroomed in these years. Namangan Pravda began publication
in 1958,
142
with Andijan Tongi (Dawn of Andijan) following four years later, and
then a third urban paper, Asaka Hayoti (Life of Asaka) in 1967.
143
In Leninabad, the
urban paper Hakikati Leninabad appeared in Tajik while Leninabadskaia pravda
was issued in Russian. In Osh province the newspapers Lenin Jolu (Lenin’s Path)
was published in Kyrgyz and also in Uzbek ( Lenin Yoli), in addition to a number
of city and district papers published in all three languages.
A number of events and publications in these years celebrated the cultural
achievements of Ferghana natives over the centuries. In 1959, the Ferghana-born
scientist H.M. Abdullaev, of the Uzbekistan Academy of Science, was inducted
into the French Geological Society. More than sixty works by Kokand poets and
prose writers of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century were honored in
a collection titled Mukimi i Furkat that was published in Leningrad. A key work
by one of Ferghana’s greatest writers, Babur, the fifteenth-century founder of the
Mughal dynasty in India, was discovered in Hyderabad in 1975. Heretofore avail-
able only in a Persian translation, this discovery of the original Chagatai Turkish
text of Babur’s autobiography, Babur-Nameh, was an international sensation and
promptly gave rise to many fresh translations, including an English edition.
144
All these landmark innovations of the 1960s and 1070s brought the culture of
the Ferghana more closely into the global mainstream than at any time since the
tenth century. However, in the early 1980s anxious questions began to be raised as
to whether authorities and cultural institutions in the Ferghana Valley were meeting
the religious needs of the region’s Muslim faithful. Similar concerns were raised in
other traditionally Muslim regions of Central Asia. Particularly noteworthy among
such expressions of concern was an informational memo issued by the Chairman
of the Council for Religious Matters of the USSR, which was under the Soviet
Council of Ministers. Addressed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union, the memo stated that:
In some places, believers are deprived of the opportunity peacefully to meet their
religious duties because their organizations do not meet the registration require-
ments and therefore cannot acquire places for worship. Groups of believers of
THE KHRUSHCHEV AND BREZHNEV ERAS 159
various types, in thousands of communities, therefore conduct their religious
services illegally. Many of them applied many times over the years to register
their associations, but their requests were rejected on unreasonable grounds. This
has occurred in the [Soviet] republics of Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and in a number of regions of the Ukraine and
Russia. Religious societies that operate legally often prevent [the illegal groups]
from repairing places of worship and using electric lighting, and do not permit
invitations to priests. There are instances in which people have lost their jobs or
been expelled from school for religious reasons, depriving believers of opportuni-
ties to find good jobs and impinging on their other rights. . . . In several regions
where Islam is traditionally widespread, discontent among the population stems
from the fact that they do not have a single registered Muslim association, while
many Christian religious societies can function legally.
145
For the time being, such expressions fell on deaf ears, since by the early 1980s
the authorities were already beginning to face the many grave problems that would
eventually lead to the collapse of the USSR. However, it was not long after this,
in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when these concerns burst into the open and
fundamentally transformed the religious and cultural situation in the region.
Notes
1. S.N. Abashin, Natsionalizmy v Srednei Azii: v poiskakh identichnosti, Saint Peters-
burg, 2007; D.V. Mukulskii, “Klany i politika v Tadzhikistane,” Rossiia i musulmanskii
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