Ferghana Valley

Central Asian Survey,
vol. 25, nos. 1–2, March–June 2006, p. 87.
39. Of the Central Asian states, only Turkmenistan is not a member of the Collective 
Security Treaty Organization. Moreover, the country’s new military doctrine, adopted in 
January 2009, prohibits Turkmenistan to enter any politico-military alliances. 
40. Turkmenistan does not participate in the activities of the EurAsEC. In October 
2008 Uzbekistan submitted an official statement on suspension of its membership in this 
organization. 
41. M.B. Olcott and A. Malashenko, eds., Mnogomernye granitsy Tsentralnoi Azii, 
Moscow, 2000, p. 52.
42. “Protokol o vnesenii izmenenii v soglashenie mezhdu Rossiiskoi Federatsiei i 
Kyrgyzskoi Respublikoi,” www.bestpravo.ru/fed2000/data02/tex13300.htm. 
43. The agreement was reached between the leaders of Russia and Kyrgyzstan in August 
2009, during the informal summit of CSTO member states.
44. “Rossiiskii voennyi faktor v Oshe: ‘Za’ i ‘Protiv,’ Obschestvennyi reiting,” May 30, 
2005, www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1117410360.
45. Informational announcement of the agency Zhakhon, “Uzbekistan demonstriruet 
priverzhennost vibrannomu kursu,” www.press-uz.info/index.php?title=home&nid=36&
my=082009&st=1&date=20090825&ctry=1000.
46. Khojamakhmad Umarov, “Kak razvivaetsia tadzhikskaia chast Ferganskoi doliny?” 
November 25, 2008, www.easttime.ru/analitic/1/1/528.html.
47. “Turdakun Usubaliev vystupil protiv oppozitsii i za territorialnye ustupki Kitaiu,” 
Slovo Kyrgyzstana
, May 16, 2002, www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1021585200.
48. “China’s Growing Problem with Xinjiang,” http://freerepublic.com/focus/f-
news/542180/posts.
49. Orozbek A. Moldaliev, Sovremennye vyzovy bezopasnosti Kyrgyzstana i Tsentralnoy 
Azii,
Bishkek, 2001, pp. 30–31. 
50. “Doklad o chelovecheskom razvitii v Tsentralnoi Azii. V budushchee bez 
barerov: regionalnoe sotrudnichestvo v oblasti chelovecheskogo razvitiia i obespecheniia 
chelovecheskoi bezopasnosti,” Regionalnoe biuro PROON po stranam Evropy i Sodruzhestva 
Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, 2005, http://europeandcis.undp.org/home/show/FCADD38D-
F203-1EE9-BBAD4D358FDD375D, p. 218. 
51. “Shankhaiskaia organizatsiia sotrudnichestva i sovremennyi mir,” Analiticheskie 
doklady, Moskva, MGIMO (U) MID Rossii, no. 3, May 2007, p. 49.
52. Vladimir Ryzhkov
, “Rossiia i Kitai—eto ‘iadro’ ShOS,” http://shanhai.rfn.ru/
interviews/doc.html?id=394
.
53. “Sudba uranovykh khvostokhranilisch v Kirgizii volnuet i Uzbekistan,” Nemetskaia 
volna
, April 27, 2005, http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1565886,00.html. 
54. United States–Uzbekistan Declaration on the Strategic Partnership and Cooperation 
Framework, March 12, 2002, http://uzbekistan.usembassy.gov/pr031203.html.

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THE FERGHANA VALLEY AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY 391
55. S. Frederick Starr, “Introduction,” in Anatomy of a Crisis: U.S.-Uzbekistan Relations, 
2001–2005,
ed. John C.K. Daly, Kurt H.Meppen, Vladimir Socor, and Frederick S. Starr, 
Central Asia–Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program, February 2006, p.v8. 
56. “U.S.–Uzbek Military Exercises Finish,” RFE/RL Newsline, June 10, 1997. 
57. “O kirgizskikh NPO i ‘metrvykh dushakh,” Nemetskaia volna, June 27, 2007, www.
centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1182889380.
58. Ibid.
59. Slim, “The Ferghana Valley,” p. 155.
60. Valentin Bogatirev, “Grazhdanskoze obshechstvo v stranakh Tsentralnoi Azii: povestka 
sotrudnichestva ili missiia preduprejdeniia konfliktov, http://lgi.osi.hu/cimg/0/1/3/6/3/.doc
61. Sheradil Baktygulov, “Problemy i perspektivy uchastiia NPO Kyrgyzstana v priniatii 
gosudarstvennykh reshenii,” Tsentr sotsialnykh issledovanii, Amerikanskii universitet 
Tsentralnoi Azii, http://src.auca.kg/images/stories/files/Sheradil_rus.pdf.
62. “Frederick Starr: Priatno potriasen politikoi Uzbekistana,” Uzbekistan Today, no. 2, 
September 15, 2006, http://www.iscs.uz/rus/intervyu/frederik_starr_priyatno_potryasen_
politikoy_uzbekistana.mgr. 
63. S. Frederick Starr, “Clans, Authoritarian Rulers, and Parliaments in Central Asia,” 
Central Asia–Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program, June 2006, http://www.
silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/0605Starr_Clans.pdf, p. 5. 
64. This fact has been noted by the United Nations. In this connection the UN General 
Assembly adopted resolution in 1994: “Tranzitnye transportnye sistemy v gosudarstvakh 
Tsentralnoi Azii, ne imeiushchikh vykhoda k moriu, i sosednikh stranakh transita,” www.
un.int/kazakhstan/170101pr.pdf.
65. In 1998 Uzbekistan signed a framework agreement on Transport Corridor Europe-
Caucasus-Asia. Since then the republic has taken part in thirty-two projects of TRACECA costing 
€
50 million. These projects aimed at further development of transport complex and infrastructure 
in Uzbekistan. The country’s active participation in the program contributed to implementation 
of institutional changes, improvement of professional skills for hundreds of specialists, provision 
of necessary information on the EU legislation to government agencies, and so on. Moreover, 
with the TRACECA support Uzbekistan joined and ratified twenty-two multi-lateral conventions 
on air transport and thirteen agreements on auto and railway transport. 
66. Azerbaijan also announced that it joined the agreement, “Central Asia Regional 
Economic Cooperation: Harmonization and Simplification of Transport Agreements, Cross 
Border Documents and Transport Regulations,” Asia Development Bank, October 28, 
2005, http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/CAREC/Transport-Sector-Reports/CAREC-
harmonization.pdf, p. 44.
67. Materialy Gosudarstvennoi aktsionernoi kompanii “Uzavtoiul.” 
68. Speech of the first deputy of the minister of foreign affairs of Uzbekistan, Isan 
Murtazaev, in Mezhdunarodnyi politicheskii dialog. Novye perspektivy economicheskogo