Etymological peculiarities of uzbek and english toponyms dissertation

CHAPTER II:TOPONYMIC SYSTEM. UZBEK SCIENTIST'S INVESTIGATION ON TOPONYMS.
2.1 Principle of toponyms and toponymic system
While we are learning toponymic system through the comparing Uzbek and English toponyms, we pay attention to their etymological pecularities. For example, the emergence of many Uzbek toponyms depend on natural geographical conditions (relief), ethnic composition of the population, occupations and occupations of people, excavations. riches, historical figures and events. However language changes are the main sources of English toponyms. Place-names may also be compounds composed of elements derived from two or more languages from different periods. The majority of the toponyms predate the radical changes in the English language triggered by the Norman Conquest, and some Celtic names even predate the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in the first millennium AD.
Etymological pecularities of Uzbek and English toponyms through the scientists investigation, we refer to the books of T. Nafasov ''Dictionary of Uzbek toponyms''. And ''The Book of English Place Names: How Our Towns and Villages Got Their Names'' Kindle Edition by Caroline Taggart is one of the best example for reveal toponymic classification and its system. Through the comparing these 2 books, I came a across lots of data, tried to catch similarities and differences Uzbek and English toponyms. For example, T. Nafasov His "Explanatory Dictionary of Toponyms of Uzbekistan" (1988) mainly describes the etymology of microtoponyms in southern Uzbekistan. However, the etymological explanation of some historical toponyms in the region, such as Boysun, Kesh, Chaganyon, Qarsihi, are also given. This book describes the importance of toponyms, the structure of the dictionary, and the place names of many places in alphabetical order, their meaning, the history of their origin. For example, 'ALAMLI' is the name of G'allaorol district which means the tomb of the saints, or the place of the martyr's grave, is a rag-spot on a tree branch or a stick, as is the village near the cemetery;
'ARABSAROY' the name of Karmana district, which means the palace of Arabs;
'ASAKA' –one of the city of Andijan which was the city of the Saks, renaming assakana.
Every place names origin and etymology are interesting, exotic and unusual.
However the book ''The Book of English Place Names: How Our Towns and Villages Got Their Names'' Kindle Edition by Caroline Taggart is organized by region, making this use a bit more convenient than a purely alphabetical arrangement. Besides that lots of places and data was written in a intelligent and funny way. But such books would be interesting and understandable to the reader when enriched with pictures.
After reading these two books, I came to the conclusion that as a young linguist, this topic is very relevant and will greatly contribute to the enrichment of our vocabulary.
Also discussion part include the a few principles of toponyms:
a) According to localization. The term "our" toponyms implies geographical names, denoting objects within the examined language area ("our" names of Great Britain and the USA are Washington, Alabama, New York, Mississippi, Birmingham, Thames, London, etc.). "Their" toponyms represent geographical names, denoting objects outside the language area in question (Norway, Argentina, Qatar, Sierra Leone, The Netherlands, Thailand, Spain).
b) According to the degree of place names are primary and non-primary. Primary toponyms: Australia, Boston, Lake Superior, Uychi district, Yorkatay NCM, Shaykxontoxur which are derived from common names. The Lake Aydar, Amir Temur st., Hercules, Washington are the examples of non-primary toponyms are derived from proper names.
c) Next principle based on chronological classification that archaic and current place names. Yaksart and Jayhun are the archaic ones, however Sirdarya and Amudarya are contemporary place names.
d) According to the structure toponyms are divided to simple, derivative, compound and complex.
Simple – Tashkent, Russia, Chirchiq, London, Chine, Amazon, Niagara, Africa and so on.
Derivative – Yunusobod, Birmingham,Uzbekistan,California;
Compound – Surxandarya, Oceanside, Newtown, Bartonblonte,Darlington, Bristol;
Complex – South America, Central Asia, Arctic Ocean, Sobir Rahimov st., Northone Brun,Qora-tepa (blackhill), Oqqo'rg'on (whitebarrow).
Besides that the encyclopedic geographer H. Hasanov's work "From the history of Central Asian place names" (Tashkent 1965), published in four thousand copies, is of great importance in the development of Uzbek toponymy. The primary importance of the book for toponymy that is, by describing toponyms as the language of the earth, he explained the essence of this science. The first section, entitled "History of Toponymy", describes the history of toponymy and place names, historical toponymy, basic concepts, the emergence of Central Asian place names, the importance of toponymy in the works of scientists.The second part of the book is devoted to the "Short toponymic dictionary", which describes the emergence of macro and meso toponyms of Amudarya, Andijan, Ashgabat, Sarisen, Atrou, Syrdarya, Termez, Topalang, and other Central Asian historically and linguistically.
Below is an analysis of Tashkent toponyms, their meaning and history of origin, place names in the city, and information about 6 major groups.
There are different opinions about the name of Tashkent. Thoughts about Tashkent can be found in the works of Claudius Ptolemy, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Mahmud Kashgari, Zahiriddin Babur. The place names of Tashkent were studied by Y. Gulomov, H. Hasanov, N. Mallitsky, V. Shishkin, M. Masson, S. Karaev. Tashkent was called by different names at different times. In written sources the names of the city are Tarkan, Binkent, Shosh, Choch, Joj, Tashkuna, Chjeshi, Tashikhan, Tashkent, Tashkent. The city that Ptolemy called Lifivos Petros was probably Tashkent. There are different opinions about the etymology of the name Tashkent.H. Hasanov gives evidence on the analysis of the name of Tashkent and concludes as follows:
''For more than two thousand years, only the word 'stone' (Sogdian 'hair', Greek) 'petros', Chinese 'shi', Arabic 'hijara') a stone city, a city at the foot of a mountain, a mountain river, a city on the banks of the Chirchik. The name was also known two thousand years ago. It was run only by a part of the locals in the form of Chach, a part in Shosh.

1. 
   Names denoting the natural features of a place.There are many place names associated with plants in Tashkent: Bodomzor, Urikzor, Olmazor,Sebzor, Qatortol, Qatorterak, Yettiterak, Kokterak, Yakkatut, Qoshtut,Beshqayragach, Mingorik, Chilanzar, Karakamysh are among them.This group also includes place names that appear in connection with construction and water bodies. They are Bo'zariq, Damariq, Zog'ariq, Shofayziquloq, Shoshariq, Tarnovboshi, Jo'nariq,Tersariq, Qorasuv, Shirinquduq, Kattahovuz, Sassiqhovuz, HovuzJarariq, Jarko'cha,Chuqursoy, Chuqurko'prik, O'rko'cha, Zahariq, Pastak and so on.
   
2. 
   Historical places. How many historical events are connected with such names as Anhor, Jangob, Beshyogoch, Khadra, Chorsu, Namazgoh, Salor, Darkhan, Arpapoya, Kamolon, Eskijova.Anhar is the plural form of the Arabic word ‘nahr’. The canals in Tashkent are collectively called anhar. It is a name left over from the period of the Arab conquest. Currently, the largest canal supplying Tashkent is called Anhor. The name Jangob is, according to some researchers, a place where fighting takes place. The name Arpapoya has nothing to do with where the barley is planted. It consists of two words 'aropa' - ditch and 'poy' - foot edge. In ancient times, like many medieval cities, a defensive trench was dug around Tashkent. The ditch at the site of the present Arpapoya was a ditch at the edge, at the foot.
   
3. 
   Place names that appear in connection with the craft. Degrez,Taqachi, O'qchi, Pichoqchilik, Zargarlik, Xizmatchi, Shifokorlar shaharchasi, To'qimachilik,Aviasozlar town are can be an example of this group.
   
4. 
   Names of people - names associated with surnames, nicknames:Amir Temur, Bobur, Ulug'bek, Beruniy, Navoiy,Mashrab, Xorazmiy, Ahmad Farg'oniy, Muqimiy, Furqat, Abdulla Qodiriy, Fitrat, AbdullaAvloniy, G'ofur G'ulom etc.
   
5. 
   In Tashkent, there are "strange names" that are difficult to understand.They are Jinko'cha, O'g'riko'cha, Alvastiko'prik, Xotinko'prik, Pushtihammom, Ho'jatarashkan. Hojatarashgan mahalla was located in Sebzor district of Tashkent. The name derives from the phrase ‘master who used the wrong scales’.
   
6. 
   All sorts of random, nonsensical names:Boychechak, Vijdon, Grammplastinka, Jonon,Znamya, Intizom, Iskra, Ko'sak, Lochin, Mashhur, Muloyim, Odob, Palma, Paxta, Ravshan,Sadaf, Tajriba, Muxbir, Tarbiya, Uylanish, Farmon, Shamol, Shanba, Yashna and so on.