totally unsystematic fashion is the norm. The situation is made to look bleaker than it is because in
discussions of spelling the distinction between words as vocabulary items and words as orthographic forms
is seldom recognised. All too often each occurrence of an orthographic word-form is counted as a separate
word without this being explicitly stated. As a great many of the common lexical items have irregular
spelling, they skew the figures.
If, however, you distinguish between words in the sense of orthographic words that have distinct written
forms on the page, and distinct vocabulary items that are listable in a dictionary, the number of words with
irregular spelling is considerably reduced. For example, if you count
plough, ploughs, ploughing and
ploughed
as different words, you get five orthographic words whose spelling is irregular. By contrast, if you
only recognise that the spelling
plough which is always associated with this particular vocabulary item is
always pronounced /plaU/, the irregularity need be noted only once, since
plough, ploughs, ploughing and
ploughed
are all forms of the same word. If you can pronounce
plough, the other orthographic forms
present no difficulties. Similarly, while the pronunciation of
quay as /ki:/ is arbitrary, that arbitrariness
needs to be noted only once. Anyone who knows how to read or spell
quay in the singular need not be troubled
by
quays /ki:z/ in the plural.
While emphasising the regularity, I do not wish to sweep the irregularity under the carpet. But while
recognising the irregularity, I will still argue that English spelling is not simply whimsical or crazy. What I
wish to do in the following paragraphs is to show that although spelling may in some instances be non-
phonemic, nevertheless it follows some discernible pattern. Many of the irregularities can be accounted for.
First, we will see that there are usually historical reasons for the non-phonemic spelling although
unfortunately, knowing this is not of much practical use to the average speaker of English who is
unacquainted with the history of the language and has spelling problems.
We will start with the spelling that represents the sound /g/. At the beginning of
get it is spelt with the
letter
g while the same sound at the beginning of
ghost is spelt with the diagraph
gh. At the same time,
word-initially the sound /f/ as in
fit is spelt with the letter
ƒ whereas in
rough /f/ is spelt with the diagraph
gh
. It is obvious that the same sound may be represented by different letters. On what basis is a particular
spelling selected? Is the choice random?
The answer is a clear ‘No’. There is a general pattern here. Although the use of the spelling
gh is not
phonemic in these examples (since only the
g is sounded and the
h is silent), there is a regularity which can
be captured by the following pair of statements:
[7.5]
Within
syllables,
gh=/g/
before a vowel
e.g.
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