Encyclopedia of Islam

Encyclopedia of  Islam

935

¶

  Death of al-Ashari, Sunni theologian, in Bagh-

dad.

939

¶

  Twelfth Imam enters Greater Occultation accord-

ing to Twelve-Imam Shii doctrine.

941

¶

  Death of al-Maturidi, Sunni theologian, in 

Samarqand.

950

¶

  Death of the philosopher al-Farabi.

951

¶

  Qarmati Shiis return the Black Stone to the 

Kaaba.

969

¶

  Beginning of Fatimid Ismaili Caliphate in Egypt; 

Cairo founded.

970

¶

  Fatimids found Al-Azhar mosque-university in 

Cairo.

997–1030

¶

  Reign of Mahmud of Ghazna, who raids north-

west India (Punjab, 1001–21) and puts the con-

quered territories under Islamic authority in the 

name of the Abbasid caliph.

1021

¶

  The Fatimid caliph al-Hakim disappears/dies; 

Druze religion begins.

1037

¶

  Death of Ibn Sina (Avicenna), philosopher and 

physician.

1062

¶

  Almoravids conquer Morocco.

1064

¶

  Death of Ibn Hazm, Andalusian jurist and 

scholar.

1067

¶

  Nizam al-Mulk founds the Nizamiyya, a Shafii 

college, in Baghdad.

1071

¶

  Battle of Manzikert, a decisive defeat of Byzan-

tine armies by Seljuq Turks.

1086

¶

  Almoravids conquer Andalusia.

1091

¶

  Normans recapture Sicily and end Muslim rule 

there.

1096

¶

  Pope Urban II launches the First Crusade to 

conquer Jerusalem.

1099

¶

  Crusaders capture Jerusalem, ending the First 

Crusade.

1111

¶

  Death of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, philosopher 

and theologian.

1145

¶

  Almohad dynasty establishes foothold in Anda-

lusia.

¶

  Pope launches Second Crusade.

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