Encyclopedia of Islam



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Encyclopedia of  Islam

Shiism (continued)

renewal and reform 

movements  586

Safavid dynasty  598

Salafism  602

Seljuk dynasty  611

suicide  642

sultan  643

Sunnism  646, 647



tafsir  652–656

Tamerlane  660

theology  668, 669

Twelve-Imam Shiism  676, 

677

Umayyad Caliphate  687



United States  692

Wahhabism  704, 705



walaya  707

women  712

Zaydi Shiism  719–720

Zaynab bint Ali ibn Abi 

Talib  720, 721

ziyara  723–724

Shirazi, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim 

al-Qawami al-. see Mullah 

Sadra


shirk  627–628See also idolatry

Simurgh  551, 628, 633

Sirhindi, Ahmad  xliic, 517, 

628–629, 640, 684

Six-Day War (1967). See Arab-

Israeli war (1967)

slavery  101, 292, 390, 439, 

456, 629–630, 694

Sokoto Caliphate  xliiic, 630–631

soul and spirit  89–90, 631–633

Soviet Union

Afghanistan  15

Afghan mujahidin  16

Arab-Israeli conflicts  56

Armenians  63

Bukhara  117

Central Asia and the 

Caucasus  134–135

Chechnya  135

communism  160

Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al 

Saud  234

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin  296

Husayn, Saddam  316

Iran  363

Israel  381, 382

Pakistan  542

al-Qaida  564, 565

Syria  649

student  634See also education

Subud  635

Sudan  xliiic, xlivc, 635–637

Ansar  45

Funj Sultanate  252

Mahdiyya movement  448



mujahid  498

politics and Islam  556

al-Qaida  565

Sufi Movement  37, 637, 638

Sufi Order International  637, 

637–639, 638

Sufism  xxvi, xxxii, xlic, 



639–641

Afghanistan  15

Ahmadiyya  24

Ajmer  26

Alawi  28

Algeria  32

Ali ibn Abi Talib  34

alphabet  40

angel  43

asceticism  66

authority  74

Bamba, Ahmadu  86

Bangladesh  87

baqa and fana  89–90

Baqli, Ruzbihan  91



batin  95

Bawa Muhaiyaddeen 

Fellowship  96

Bektashi Sufi Order  

99–100

biography  103



Bistami, Abu Yazid al-  107

Central Asia and the 

Caucasus  134

conversion  165

Dar ul-Arqam  184

Delhi Sultanate  189

dervish  192–193

dhikr  193–194

dialogue  197

dietary laws  199

dreams  203

Ghazali, Abu Hamid 

al-  261


ghulat  264

hadith  279–280



hal  283–284

Hallaj, al-Husayn ibn 

Mansur al-  285

Hanbali Legal School  288



haqiqa  289

Haqqani, Muhammad 

Nazim al-  289–290

Hasan al-Basri, al-  294

houri  311

Husayniyya  320

Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din  

326–327


Ibn al-Farid, Abu Hafs 

Umar  328–329

Ibn Idris, Ahmad  332

Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din 

Ahmad  339–340

Ibrahim ibn Adham  341

India  350–351, 353, 356, 

359


Iraq  369

Ismaili Shiism  379

Kashmir  425

Malamati Sufis  450

Malaysia  451

martyrdom  458

Mawdudi, Abu al-Ala  462

mawlid  464, 465

Mecca  467, 468

Mevlevi Sufi Order  

471–472


miracle  476

Morocco  481

Moses  483

Mullah Sadra  501



murid  502

Muridi Sufi Order  502



murshid  503–504

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein  519

Perfect Man  549

Persian language and 

literature  551

philosophy  554



qawwali  567–568

Quraysh  575

saint  599

Salafism  601–602

Satanic Verses  605

Shadhili Sufi Order  

615–616

Shah, Idries  618

shaykh  622

Sirhindi, Ahmad  628–629

Sufi Order International  

637–638


Syria  648

tariqa  663

tawhid  665

tekke  666

theology  669

Twelve-Imam Shiism  679

United States  694



wali  707

West Africa  709

Zaydi Shiism  720

ziyara  722

suicide  626–627, 641–643

sultan  643–644

sunna  xxv, xxvi, 644–646

Sunnism  xxv, xxvi, xxxi, 

646–647

Abbasid Caliphate  1

Afghanistan  15

African Americans, Islam 

among  18

Ahmadiyya  24

Akbar  27

Algeria  31

Ali ibn Abi Talib  33

angel  43

Arafat, Yasir  58

Ashari School  66, 67

Ashura  67

Assassins  68

Australia  71

Azhar, al-  79

Bangladesh  86

basmala  94

batin  94–95

Berber  100



bidaa  101

Cairo  120

Daoud Ahmed  181

divorce  200

Egypt  210

fitna  242

Gulf States  273

hadith  279

Hanafi Legal School  

286–287

Hanbali Legal School  288

heresy  297

Ibadiyya  323

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad  

330–331


Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad  

333


Ibn Kathir, Imad al-Din  

333


Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din 

Ahmad  340

imam  348

India  350, 352

intercession  361

Iraq  367, 369–371

Ismaili Shiism  378

Lebanon  442

Mahdi  447–448

Malaysia  451, 452

Maliki Legal School  455

martyrdom  457, 459

Mary  460

Medina  470

Morocco  481

MSA  509


mufti  487

Mughal dynasty  488, 489



mujahid  500

Murjia  503

Muslim World League  511

Pakistan  541

Philippines  553

politics and Islam  556

purdah  562

renewal and reform 

movements  586

Seljuk dynasty  611

Shafii Legal School  617

sharia  620

Shiism  623, 624, 626

Sudan  636

Syria  647

tafsir  653

Tanzeem-e Islami  661

theology  668

Tunisia  672

Twelve-Imam Shiism  676, 

680


ulama  683

Zaynab bint Ali ibn Abi 

Talib  721

ziyara  724



Index

  

749  J

Syria  xxxi, xxxviic, xlic, xlvc, 

xlvic, xlviic, 647–650

Arabian religions, pre-

Islamic  53

Arab-Israeli conflicts  56

Baath Party  81–82

Bilal  101

Damascus  180

Hanbali Legal School  288

Haqqani, Muhammad 

Nazim al-  289

Harun al-Rashid  293

Hashimite dynasty  295

Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islami  

303

Hizbullah  305



houses  312

human rights  315

Ibn Kathir, Imad al-Din  

333–334


Ismaili Shiism  377

Israel  381

Jerusalem  392

Muslim Brotherhood  508



T

Tablighi Jamaat  178, 351, 399, 

646, 651–652, 689

tafsir  652–656

Takfir wa’l-Hijra  597, 656–657

Taliban  xlviiic, 657–659, 

658–659


Afghanistan  16

Afghan mujahidin  16, 17

burqa  119

Deoband  192



dhimmi  195

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin  296



hisba  303

music  505

oil  533

Pakistan  542

al-Qaida  565

Salafism  602

Twelve-Imam Shiism  681

ulama  685

Tamerlane  xliic, 117, 189, 334, 

353, 369, 659–660

Tanzeem-e-Islami  660–661

Tanzimat  14, 545, 612, 661–



662, 676

taqwa  223, 662–663

tariqa  xxvi, 663–664

tawhid  664–666

tekke  472, 666–667

terrorism  xxii, xxvi–xxvii, 667

Abou El Fadl, Khaled  8

Central Asia and the 

Caucasus  135

Hizb al-Tahrir al-Islami  

304

Islam  375



Libya  444

OIC  535


politics and Islam  556–557

al-Qaida  564–566

Saudi Arabia  608

suicide  643

theology  667–670

Timbuktu  670–671, 709

Torah  671–672

covenant  170

holy books  307–309

Idris  345

Israel  380

John the Baptist  404

Judaism and Islam  409–412

kafir  421

Moses  482, 483

Night of Destiny  529

People of the Book  548

prophets and prophethood  

559


Quran  570

revelation  589

Satan  603

sunna  645

travel  110, 672

Tunisia  xlvic, 672–674, 721

Turkey  xxv, xxvii, xlvc, 

674–675

Alawi  28

alphabet  39

archaeology  60

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal  

68–69


Australia  71

Bahai Faith  85

Basmachi  93–94

Bektashi Sufi Order  99

civil society  153

Haqqani, Muhammad 

Nazim al-  289

hijab  297

holidays  306

houses  312

Iran  363

Iranian Revolution (1978–

1979)  365

Istanbul  383

madrasa  447

pan-Islamism  545–546

People of the Book  548

Persian language and 

literature  550

politics and Islam  556

Qadiri Sufi Order  563–564

RP  582–583

tekke  666

Webb, Alexander Russell  

709

Turkish language and literature  



103, 675–676

Twelve-Imam Shiism  xxvi, xliic, 



676–682, 678

adhan  13

ahl al-bayt  23

ayatollah  78



batin  95

Bektashi Sufi Order  99

Constitutional Revolution  

164


daawa  177

faith  224



ghayba  259

Gulf States  270, 271



ijmaa  345–346

ijtihad  347

India  350

Iran  362

Iranian Revolution (1978–

1979)  365–366

Iraq  367

Jaafar al-Sadiq  387

Kashmir  425

Muhammad al-Mahdi  497

Pakistan  541

Safavid dynasty  598

shahada  619

sharia  620

Shariati, Ali  622

Shiism  624



tawhid  665

ulama  683

Usuli School  699

walaya  707

U

ulama  xxiii, 683–685

Umar ibn al-Khattab  xxxviic, 

685–686

Ali ibn Abi Talib  33

Black Stone  108

caliph  125

Emigrants  213

Hijra  299

Iraq  368

Israel  380

Jerusalem  394

Quran  573

sunna  644

Uthman ibn Affan  700

Umar Tal  686

Umayyad Caliphate  xxxi, 

xxxvix, xxxviiic, 686–687

Abbasid Caliphate  1–2

Ali ibn Abi Talib  33

Andalusia  42

Arabic language and 

literature  53

Bukhara  117

Cairo  120

caliphate  126

Cordoba  167



daawa  177

Damascus  181

Emigrants  213

Europe  218

Fatimid dynasty  231

fiqh  238

fitna  241, 242

Granada  267

Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi 

Talib  319

Ibn Hazm, Ali ibn Ahmad 

ibn Said  331

Ibn Kathir, Imad al-Din  

334


India  352

Israel  381

Jaafar al-Sadiq  386

justice  417

Kaaba  420

Mahdi  447

Quraysh  575

renewal and reform 

movements  586

Saudi Arabia  607

Shiism  624, 626

Twelve-Imam Shiism  677



umma  xxv, 687–690

Umm Kulthoum  690



umra  690–691

United Nations (UN)

children  137

Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al 

Saud  234

Gulf States  271

Gulf Wars  273, 274

human rights  314

Husayni, Muhammad Amin 

al-  318


Iran  364

Israel  382

Kashmir  427

law, international  440

Lebanon  442

Libya  443

OIC  534

PLO  544


World Muslim Congress  

714


United States  xxii, xxvii, xlvic, 

xlviiic, 691–696, 692695

Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud  2

Abd al-Rahman, Umar  4

Afghanistan  16

Afghan mujahidin  16

Arab-Israeli conflicts  56

Bawa Muhaiyaddeen 

Fellowship  95, 96

cinema  148

comic strips and comic 

books  159

Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz Al 

Saud  234

FIA  236

halal  284

Haqqani, Muhammad 

Nazim al-  290

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin  296

holidays  306

human rights  315

Husayn, Saddam  316



K  750  

Encyclopedia of  Islam

United States (continued)

Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-Din  

326


Id al-Adha  342

Iran  363, 364

Iranian Revolution (1978–

1979)  365

Iraq  371

Islamic Society of North 

America  375

Ismaili Shiism  377

Israel  382, 383

Khomeini, Ruhollah  435

minaret  475

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi  

478

MPAC  508, 509



MSA  509–510

Mujahidin-i Khalq  499

Nation of Islam  520

oil  532


Pakistan  542

Philippines  553

PLO  544

al-Qaida  564–566

Qutb, Sayyid  576

Ramadan  581

Rushdie, Salman  594

secularism  610

suicide  642

Webb, Alexander Russell  

708–709

university  696–697, 721

Usama bin Ladin  xxvii, 697, 

697–699

Afghan mujahidin  16

Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin  296

Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, 

Muhammad  325

jihad movements  399



kafir  422

Muslim Brotherhood  508

al-Qaida  564, 565

Qutb, Sayyid  576

Salafism  602

Saudi Arabia  608

Taliban  658–659

umma  689

Wahhabism  706

Usman Dan Fodio  xliiic, 203, 

630, 700

Usuli School  699

Akhbari School  27

ayatollah  78

ijtihad  347

Iraq  367



mujahid  500

sharia  620

Shiism  625

Twelve-Imam Shiism  679

Uthman ibn Affan  xxxviiic, 

700–701

Ali ibn Abi Talib  33

caliph  125

Emigrants  213



fitna  241

holy books  308

Libya  443

Quran  573

Shiism  624

Umayyad Caliphate  

686–687

Uzbekistan  15, 83, 93, 117, 

304, 424–425

V

veil  119, 291, 292, 297–298, 



702–703, 711–713

vizier  644, 703



W

Wahhabism  xliiic, xlvc, 704–



706, 705

Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud  2

Abou El Fadl, Khaled  8

Barelwi, Sayyid Ahmad  

92, 93

bidaa  101

Gulf States  270

Gulf Wars  277

Hanbali Legal School  288

holidays  306

Husayniyya  321

Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, 

Muhammad  324–325

Ibn Idris, Ahmad  332

Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din 

Ahmad  339–340

mawlid  464

Mecca  468

miracle  476, 477

Muslim Brotherhood  506, 

508

Muslim World League  



511

oil  533


politics and Islam  556

saint  599

Salafism  601–602

Saudi Arabia  606

soul and spirit  633

Sufism  640



ziyara  724

walaya  598, 706–707

wali  464, 598, 639, 707–708

Webb, Alexander Russell  



708–709

West Africa  xxvii, 709–710

Bamba, Ahmadu  86

Hijra  299

Ibn Battuta  330

mujahid  498

Timbuktu  670–671

Westernization  710–711

women  510, 711, 711–713

abortion  7

African languages and 

literatures  19

Arabic language and 

literature  55

Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal  

69

authority  74



autobiography  76

Bahai Faith  85

Bangladesh  88

biography  103

birth control and family 

planning  105

birth rites  106

blood  110

burqa  119

CIE  169


Crusades  175

customary law  176



daawa  178

divorce  200

education  210

Europe  220

Farrakhan, Louis  227

fitna  242

funerary rituals  251

Fyzee, Asaf Ali Asghar  

253


Ghazali, Zaynab al-  262–

263


hadith  279

haram  290

harem  291–292



hijab  297–298

honor and shame  309

houri  310–311

houses  312, 313

human rights  314, 315

Husayniyya  321

Ibn al-Arabi, Muhyi al-

Din  326


Ibn Hazm, Ali ibn Ahmad 

ibn Said  331, 332

Id al-Adha  342

Id al-Fitr  343

imam  348

India  350

Iranian Revolution (1978–

1979)  365, 366

Islamism  376

Jamaat-i Islami  388

Jordan  408

Mary  460

Mawdudi, Abu al-Ala  464

Mecca  467

Mernissi, Fatima  471

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi  

478

Muslim Brotherhood  



506–507

prayer  557–558

prophets and prophethood  

559–560


purdah  561

Rabia al-Adawiyya  578

RP  583

Saudi Arabia  608

Shaarawi, Huda al-  613

Tunisia  673

ulama  684

United States  693

veil  702

Zaynab bint Ali ibn Abi 

Talib  720–721

World Muslim Congress  714

World Trade Center attacks 

(9/11/2001). See September 

11, 2001 terrorist attacks

World War I

AIML  35

Armenians  63

Damascus  181

Husayn ibn Ali  318

Iraq  370

Ottoman dynasty  540

pan-Islamism  546

Qajar dynasty  567

Rashid Rida, Muhammad  

582


Syria  648

Y

Yemen  104, 312, 715–716, 

719, 720

Yom Kippur War. See Arab-

Israeli War (1973)

Yunus Emre  xlic, 717



Z

zakat. See almsgiving

Zamzam  9, 281, 419, 465, 466, 

691, 718–719

Zaydi Shiism  626, 715, 



719–720

Zaynab bint Ali ibn Abi Talib  

265, 306, 319, 320, 622, 

720–721

Zaytuna Mosque  721–722

Zionism

Arab-Israeli conflicts  56

colonialism  157

communism  161

Hamas  286

Husayni, Muhammad Amin 

al-  317, 318

Israel  382, 383

Jerusalem  396

Judaism and Islam  413

Palestine  543

ziyara  343–344, 423, 464, 558, 

599, 722–724, 723



Document Outline

  • Contents
  • About the Editors and Contributors
  • List of Illustrations and Maps
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction
  • Chronology
  • Entries A to Z
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D
  • E
  • F
  • G
  • H
  • I
  • J
  • K
  • L
  • M
  • N
  • O
  • P
  • Q
  • R
  • S
  • T
  • U
  • V
  • W
  • Y
  • Z
  • Bibliography
  • Index

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