Elements of grammar

Directions: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the forms of the verbs derived from the nouns in brackets ac­cording to the model.

Model: The name Manhatten (derivative) derived from an Indian word means ...

T est 85

The name Manhattan (derivative)...from an Indian

word means "island of hills". In 1524 the island, then
(inhabitancy)...by Native Americans, was probably seen

- by the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano. In 1609 the English traveller Henry Hudson made an extensive exploration of the area, and the Dutch laid claim to the island on that basis. In 1624 the Dutch established trading post on southern Manhattan Island. To secure the claim,

Peter Minuit, (appointment)...by the director general

of the Dutch colony of New Netherland by his govern­
ment, purchased the island from the Native Americans in
1626 for goods (value) ...at about 60 guilders, or ap­
proximately $24.

The permanent settlement began the same year at the outpost, which Minuit named New Amsterdam, and it became the administrative centre of New Netherland.

In 1664 Charles II of England granted his brother, the

duke of York a large area (inclusion)...Manhattan Is­
land. A fleet of English warships (armament) ...to the

teeth seized New Amsterdam in the same year, and the settlement was renamed New York in honour of the duke. The town was retaken by the Dutch in 16 73, but a year later they ceded it back to England.

During the 18th century, New York City became one

of the fast (development)...commercial centres of the

British colonies in North America. It subsequently be­came a centre of revolutionary activities by American pa­triots. In 1776, American troops were forced to evacuate the city, which remained under British occupation until the end of the American Revolution.

From 1785 to 1790 New York was the seat of the U.S. government. With the first stock exchange (foundation)

...in 1792 New York soon became the nation's (leader)

...financial and commercial centre.

~Test86 |

Although it is not known how humans and dogs first learned to exist, people soon discovered the many ways

117

dogs could (riches)...their lives. Dogs have been used

to hunt for food, herd animals, (guardian)...livestock

and property, (destroyer) ...rats and other pests, pull

carts and sleds, (performance) ...rescues, and (appre­
hension) ...lawbreakers. They have been used during

wartime as sentinels and message carriers. Today trained

dogs are used to alert deaf people to common household
sounds, such as the ringing telephone or doorbell; (guid­
ance) ...the blind; or (retrieval)...objects for para­
lytics. Perhaps the most common of the many roles served
by the domesticated dog, however, is that of companion
As animals with strong social tendencies, dogs typically

(longing) ...for close contact with their owners. And

people (tendency)...to form loving bonds with dogs.

This companionship often helps to (easiness)...the pain

and isolation of the elderly or people whose physical or mental
health (requirement)...long-term period of recovery.

The Newfoundland is a breed of working dog, that

(origin)...in Newfoundland from the crossbreeding ol

native strains with foreign breeds, the latter possibly the

Great Pyrenees or the boarhound. Must pedigree New­
foundlands of today are (descendance)...from dogs bred

in England.