Education of the republic of uzbekistan national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo

Language word 
transcription 
Russian 
гараж
[garaꭍ]
French 
garage
[
ɡarɑ:ʒ]
English 
garage 
[
ɡærɑ:ʒ]
In Russian and German, neutralization is observed in two cases:
1)
neutralization of the opposition voiced and non-voiced, when the 
distinctive sign of voicing is removed; 
2)
neutralization of the opposition voiced - inaudibility, when a sign of 
voicedness is added to the second member of the opposition: 
Language word 
translation 
transcription 
Russian 
лоб
forehead 
[lop] 
German 
Staub 
dust 
[ꭍtaop]
German 
Zug 
train 
[tsu: k] 
Apart from abovementioned characteristics of phonological systems, 
special attention is given to the phoneme distribution and the usage frequency of 
a particular class of phonemes of the corresponding language. So, in Russian and 
in Belarusian there is a phoneme [v] which has a completely different distribution 
in these languages. in Russian, due to the inherent neutralization of final 
consonants in this language, [v] is realized at the end of a syllable or word in its 
deaf version [f]: 
зов (call)
[zof]; in the Belarusian language, the phoneme [v] is 
implemented in the same position in its half-vowel version [ø]: 
лев (lion) 
[leø].
Finally, in a set of features that are used to determine the typology of 
languages at the phonological level, should include those functions that perform 
certain classes of phonemes in the structure of a given language. For example, in 

---

Arabic, the main lexical meaning is given by consonants: [c-n-d-q]
 (
dower chest),
whereas, grammatical meaning is expressed by vowels: [с-a-n-d-i-q] in singular
 
(dower chest), 
[c-u-n-d-u-q] in plural
(dower chests)
. In contradistinction to 
Arabic, in Uzbek like in many Turkic languages vowel phonemes do not carry 
any grammatical load, but perform exclusively as distinctive unit: 
bor (exist)
[bor], 
ber (give)
[ber], 
bur (turn)
[bur], 
bir (one)
[bir], 
bo`r (chalk)
[bør]. 
To summarize, one can say that indicators which can be considered 
typologically determining at the phonological level are: 1) quantitative and 
qualitative inventory of phonemes, 2) the number and quality of oppositions and 
correlations, 3) cases of neutralization of phonemes, 4) distribution of phonemes, 
5) functions phonemes in the word. 
1.
Concerning the levels of language, how many sections does linguistic typology 
have? 
2.
What does phonological deals with? 
3.
What languages are called vocal language languages? 
4.
What does the notion of phonological opposition refer to?