language, then it will be the quantity that is defined or described with respect to
the native language, and the last, native language, is taken as a unit or standard.
But the structure of the native language can be different, and therefore the results
of comparison with the native language, for example, like Russian, will be one,
and the type of Estonian will be different. Therefore, a comparison with the native
language, taken
as a standard, is not absolute and gives relative results, which
cannot give reliable scientific grounds for any conclusions.
Typology deals with an unlimited number of languages. It can be
genetically related languages (Indo-European), languages
of geographical area
(Balkan). Therefore, the scientific description of the language and definition of
its typology will be unconditional if etalon language is found.
The etalon language contains statements describing two kinds of language
properties: statements explaining the structure of all languages, and statements
regarding universal definitions that distinguish languages. The etalon language
represents all the languages of the world in one language.
Although, the concept of etalon language exists relatively recently, some
languages has been already used as etalon language
since the very time when
linguistics appeared as a science. In fact, a model system used for describing the
Latin language system later was used as etalon language for comparison of other
languages. Various grammatical and other categories
were studied in various
languages through etalon language (mainly Latin). As a universal language, the
etalon language has its own invariants in all languages, which serve as a kind of
measurement unit for systems of compared languages. Invariant is a structural
unit of language, an element of the abstract system of language that can be used
for comparison.
It should be noted that in the modern typology, the types and quantities of
the etalon language are not fully developed. But some systems that are used as a
etalon language can be distinguished:
1)
specially created artificial
language or symbolic language, consisting of
general artificial rules;
2)
a specific language
with a well-developed system;
3)
phonetic, morphological, syntactic and other models;
4)
Intermediary language
for translation, etc.
The selected etalon language should have wide applicability, universality
when comparing systems of various known and unknown languages. Depending
on the scale or range of the object of study, the etalon language can be divided
into the maximum etalon language and the minimum etalon language.
The maximum etalon language has an ability to be universal, has a
relatively unlimited application in comparison, and mainly with its help linguistic
universals are determined.
The minimum etalon language is a variant of the etalon language created
specifically for practical purposes when comparing
a limited number of
languages, usually two (created, as a rule, within the genetic or areal group of
languages).
With etalon to the comparative typology, the standard language guarantees
the uniformity of descriptions of the languages being compared and ensures the
use of the same terms.
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