Education of the republic of uzbekistan national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo

Linguistic universals 
If we compare the structure of several languages, for example, Russian, 
English, Uzbek, Turkish, then we can easily find a number of common features 
in them. All these languages have a system of vowels and consonants, specific 
system of cases, parts of speech, affix types and word order. Although, these 
categories have individual character in each language, they show that these 
categories are universal for most of the languages of the world.
In the vast majority of languages known to science, there is, for example, 
the present tense of the verb. But in the English language, there are two forms of 
the present tense, which oppose one form of the present tense of the Russian, 

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French and German languages. Nevertheless, the form of the present tense is 
common, universal, despite some deviations in the English language. We also 
cannot imagine a language that does not have words or in which sentences do not 
exist. 
All these similar facts have universal linguistic character, reflecting certain 
patterns of structure inherent in all languages. Such laws, common to all 
languages, are called linguistic universals. In linguistic typology 2 main types of 
universals are distinguished: absolute universals (characteristic of all known 
languages, for example: every natural language has a system cases) and statistical 
universals (almost all languages have nasal consonants). 
However, since absolute universals do not make it possible to identify 
specific features of individual languages, it has to be recognized that those 
typologies and facts of a linguistic nature that are not present in all, but in the vast 
majority of languages, acquire more importance for typology. So, in a number of 
Indo-European languages there is a system of cases, starting with 8 cases, as in 
the Marathi language in Central India, and ending with two cases, as in the 
Scandinavian languages - Swedish, Danish, Norwegian. On the other hand, Indo-
European languages have a number of languages in which there is no declension 
in the noun system. It is Bulgarian, French, Spanish, English. 
1.
What is etalon language? 
2.
What is language universal?