Education of the republic of uzbekistan national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo

 
Oppositions are paired (binary) 
 
proportional 
isolated 
English, German, Russian, French 
[b] : [p] = [d] : [t] 
–
 voiced / voiceless 
French 
[
ε̃] : [ε] = 
[ã] : [a] 
–
 nasal / non-nasal 
Russian 
[n] : [n’] = [d] : [d’] –
 hardness / softness 
English, German 
[r] : [l] 
 
Three-membered opposition (ternary) 
 
 

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Stepped (degree): 


 
 
 
 
Chain: 

 
 
 
Bundles: 
Norwegian 
[u 
–
u˙ –
ü] 
French 
[me 
–
e 
–
ε]
German
[u 
–
o 
–
O] 
English 
[m 
–
n 
–
ŋ]
Russian 
[p 
–
t 
–
k] 
[t] ←↓→ [s]
[ts] 
Language advancement 
Tongue lift 
Different locations and 
active organ 
An affricate is a phoneme 
that combines an attack 
like a vocal consonant 
and an indentation of a 
slotted consonant. 
1. By the number of phonemes with common differential features and 
opposed by one differential feature, one-dimensional and multi-dimensional 
oppositions are distinguished. One-dimensional oppositions are inherent in only 
two phonemes of this system. For instant, in Russian phonemes [i]-[u] having the 
only differential feature upper rise of tongue, contrasted in labialization and non-
labialization. In multidimensional oppositions, general differential features are 
inherent in a larger number of phonemes. So, the general differential features – 
explosive, deaf, hard in phonemes [n]-[t]-[k] are contrasted at the place of 
formation. 

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2. If the relationship between members of one-dimensional opposition is 
also observed among members of some other oppositions or a number of the 
oppositions, they are called proportional. For example, contrast of phonemes in 
deafness and voicedness is inherent in many other phonemes. In Uzbek, Russian, 
English, German and French there is a contrast in
deafness and voicedness: [b]-
[p], [z]-[s], [d]-[z], etc. The opposition can also be isolated, because the relation 
between phonemes is not repeated in any other pair of phonemes. The 
phonological structure of the Arabic language is characterized by a binary 
opposition of simple and emphatic connective phonemes: [s]-[s], [h]-[h], [t]-[t] 
and [d]-[d], which we do not find in many other languages, for example in 
English, German, Russian. 
3. Multidimensional oppositions are represented by three types: stepped, 
chain and bundle oppositions. For instant, stepped opposition of [i]-[e]-[ε] is 
characterized by the degree of tongue lift in French. The chain oppositions are 
characterized by different places of formation and active speech organs, as in 
English phonemes [m]-[n]-[ŋ] or Russian [n]-[t]-[k]. Bundle oppositions occur in 
the affricates: [t] ← [ts] → [s] in English and Turkmen.
As V.D.Arakin states, some one-dimensional proportional oppositions, 
characterized by the same features by which phonemes are opposed, make up 
correlations
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. For example, the extent of hardness and softness correlation in 
Russian: [k – k`], [g – g`], [h – h`], [ts – tʃ], [ꭍ – ꭍtʃ], [ʒ – ʒ`].
Additionally, to the opposition and correlation discussed above, there is 
another notion called neutralization, that is, removal of a feature distinguishing 
one phoneme from another in binary opposition, for example, neutralization of 
the sign of sonorousness in all voiced phonemes in the final position in the word, 
which is especially characteristic of the Russian and German languages, but is 
not represented either in English or in French:
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Аракин В.Д. Типология языков и проблема методического прогнозирования. Учебноe 
пособие. – М.: ВЫСШАЯ ШКОЛА. 1989.

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