Time needed to learn an L2.
The process of learning an L2 at school is different from
learning an L1 in a natural context. In an academic context, the time needed to gain
proficiency in an additional language depends on a number of factors, including the
quality of teaching, the content that is covered, the intensity and thoroughness of
instruction, teacher language proficiency, teacher preparation, and how well learning is
monitored and evaluated (CAL, 2006). For example, a review of research on L2 learning
in North America concluded that
even after five to six years of
study, English learners were not
able to acquire the same oral
proficiency skills required for
academic learning as their peers
who spoke English as an L1 (Geva,
2006). Another important factor to
consider is the degree of similarity
between the two languages being
learned. An L2/Lx with
vocabulary, grammatical structure,
and/or script similar to the L1 will
take less time to teach than one that
is significantly different. The text
box “Language skills transfer: Key
ideas to inform planning” presents
additional information on factors to
consider. Research also indicates
that languages written in transparent orthographies are easier to learn to read than those
written in less transparent orthographies (Aro, 2004).
As noted,
Figure 1
below summarizes key ideas on language and learning that should be taken
into consideration when developing an effective approach to language use in education.
Language skills transfer:
Key ideas to inform planning
Languages are taught as subjects to provide opportunities for
learners to develop skills in languages that are not the
medium of instruction.
Younger learners (i.e., under age 10)
have advantages in acquiring language skills. They tend to
acquire the sound system, to learn intonation, and to make
oral links between the L1 and L2 more readily than older
learners. They are less anxious and acquire language
intuitively, which can be complemented later through formal
language study. However, evidence suggests that older
children (i.e., older than 10) have significant advantages
learning an L2. For example, possibly because of more
advanced cognitive skills, pre-teens have been found to learn
faster than younger learners (Muñoz, 2008). In general, older
learners appear to learn better when the language is formally
taught, likely supported by their existing learning strategies
and established literacy skills in L1. Therefore, if children’s
exposure to the L2 is primarily in an academic setting for only
a few hours a week, older learners are at an advantage
compared to their younger peers (Enever, Moon, & Raman,
2009; Johnstone, 2002; Muñoz, 2008; Nikolov, 2009).
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