EdData II: Data for Education Research and Programming (derp) in Africa



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Toolkit Planning for Language Use in Education Global 08 2015

Time needed to learn an L2.
The process of learning an L2 at school is different from 
learning an L1 in a natural context. In an academic context, the time needed to gain 
proficiency in an additional language depends on a number of factors, including the 
quality of teaching, the content that is covered, the intensity and thoroughness of 
instruction, teacher language proficiency, teacher preparation, and how well learning is 
monitored and evaluated (CAL, 2006). For example, a review of research on L2 learning 
in North America concluded that 
even after five to six years of 
study, English learners were not 
able to acquire the same oral 
proficiency skills required for
 
academic learning as their peers 
who spoke English as an L1 (Geva, 
2006). Another important factor to 
consider is the degree of similarity 
between the two languages being 
learned. An L2/Lx with 
vocabulary, grammatical structure
and/or script similar to the L1 will 
take less time to teach than one that 
is significantly different. The text 
box “Language skills transfer: Key 
ideas to inform planning” presents 
additional information on factors to 
consider. Research also indicates 
that languages written in transparent orthographies are easier to learn to read than those 
written in less transparent orthographies (Aro, 2004). 
As noted, 
Figure 1
 below summarizes key ideas on language and learning that should be taken 
into consideration when developing an effective approach to language use in education.
Language skills transfer:
Key ideas to inform planning 
Languages are taught as subjects to provide opportunities for 
learners to develop skills in languages that are not the 
medium of instruction.
 
Younger learners (i.e., under age 10) 
have advantages in acquiring language skills. They tend to 
acquire the sound system, to learn intonation, and to make 
oral links between the L1 and L2 more readily than older 
learners. They are less anxious and acquire language 
intuitively, which can be complemented later through formal 
language study. However, evidence suggests that older 
children (i.e., older than 10) have significant advantages 
learning an L2. For example, possibly because of more 
advanced cognitive skills, pre-teens have been found to learn 
faster than younger learners (Muñoz, 2008). In general, older 
learners appear to learn better when the language is formally 
taught, likely supported by their existing learning strategies 
and established literacy skills in L1. Therefore, if children’s 
exposure to the L2 is primarily in an academic setting for only 
a few hours a week, older learners are at an advantage 
compared to their younger peers (Enever, Moon, & Raman, 
2009; Johnstone, 2002; Muñoz, 2008; Nikolov, 2009). 




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