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dilution of shareholding: размывание акционерного капитала (IFC) (razmyvanie akcionernogo kapitala);
hostile takeover: недружественное поглощение (IFC) (nedruzhestvennoe pogloshhenie);
secured transaction: обеспеченная сделка (UNCITRAL-1) (obespechennaja sdelka).
Disharmonization appears when the terms retrieved by Calque or Direct Loan have a descriptive alternative in dictionaries:
window-dressing: декорирование витрин (dekorirovanie vitrin; L.t.: decoration of shopping windows) (IFC) and приукрашивание истинного положения дел (IFC) (priukrashivanie istinnogo polozhenija del; L.t.: decorating the true state of facts).
If the meaning of borrowed terms in the target language is expanded or generalized, it triggers interlingual asymmetry in term content. Target languages often pursue the traditional patterns established in their system and the preference for the native language requirement. For example, the term amicably has a general meaning; however, in the field of Business it is used to denote a concrete state of affairs: “having or marked by agreement in feeling or action” (Merriam-Webster). In Russian the term has general meaning equivalents for use in LGP:
дружески; дружественно; дружелюбно (Lingvo Universal) (druzheski; druzhestvenno; druzheljubno; L.t: in a friendly way, in a friendly manner).
Nevertheless, the Russian tradition of business discourse dictates certain rules for term forms. A term form should be formal and strict. For this reason, the term amicably attains specific, business-like and concrete forms in Russian, retrieved using DT:
путём переговоров (IFC) (putjom peregovorov; L.t.: by means of negotiations) or
мирным путём (Lingvo Law) (mirnym putjom; L.t.: in a peaceful way) or
по взаимному согласию (IFC) (po vzaimnomu soglasiju; L.t.: on mutual agreement). When a figuratively motivated term is borrowed from one language into another, it may result in “emotive asymmetry” (ibidem). This implies that the conceptual world view can be different in the target and source languages. In addition to this, culture, traditions and extra
linguistic factors exert their influence on the choice of a term form.
If a term has a motivated form, it should be justified. For this reason, many terms are borrowed with a change in their motivated form. Accordingly, the disharmonization on the conceptual level is projected onto the term forms. For example, the term window-dressing, mentioned above, has a wide variety of translation equivalents in the dictionaries. The
motivational characteristic of the English term is clear in Russian: “something used to create a deceptively favorable or attractive impression” (Merriam-Webster). However, the use of the term in the sphere of Management to denote “a strategy used by mutual fund and portfolio managers near the year or quarter end to improve the appearance of the portfolio/fund performance before presenting it to clients or shareholders” (Investopedia) forces translators to search for motivated forms used in similar situations in Russian. The glossaries and dictionaries have a large amount of equivalents with different figurative forms, some of which are partially combined with descriptive elements:
приукрашивание истинного положения дел (IFC) (priukrashivanie istinnogo polozhenija del; L.t.: decorating the true state of facts);
вуалирование, причёсывание, подкрашивание баланса (Lingvo) (vualirovanie, prichjosyvanie, podkrashivanie; L.t.: veiling, combing, embellishment of the balance) etc.
All of the figurative elements can be considered as relevant, due to their clear form and functions, and all these words are used in LGP for an underhand or dishonest way to make something good-looking, attractive or appropriate. The terms вуалирование, причёсывание, подкрашивание баланса (Lingvo) (vualirovanie, prichjosyvanie, podkrashivanie; L.t.: veiling, combing, embellishment of the balance) are marked in the dictionary as financial terms; however, they can be attributed to professional slang, as is specified by some dictionaries (Academic).
In order to harmonize terminology, dictionaries should not only provide users with appropriate listings and comments, but they also should specify the difference between financial terms and commercial terms. For example, Lingvo attested the forms mentioned above as financial terms used in Economics, and the term form украшение витрин (ukrashenie vitrin; L.t.: decoration of shopping-windows) is attributed to the section of Marketing and to the field of Commerce. The fields of Commerce and Finance are interconnected and closely related to each other. Accordingly, the dictionaries do not facilitate the choice of the correct and appropriate translation equivalent, thus making all the equivalents close synonyms.
Isabel Duran-Muñoz (2014) states the importance of “cross-domain harmonization”, which “involves one language (intralingual) and different domains (cross-domain) and it works at the level of terms (terminology)” (p. 84). This kind of harmonization is of special importance for interconnected spheres (for example, Marketing and Finance). Cross-domain harmonization avoids misunderstandings regarding the same concepts in different spheres by eliminating archaic, out of date terms, superfluous synonyms and misleading forms. Harmonization should be applied to eliminate stylistic or connotational differences for the designation of a single concept. Disharmonization is obvious between strict fields, such as legal terminology, and highly dynamic fields, such as tourism (Duran-Muñoz, 2014). However, complete harmonization cannot be reached for these fields, because they have disparate natures and functions and consequently show different levels of formality.
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