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The Great Silk Road
Great Silk Road, which arose in the II century BC and operated up to the XVI century, during the period of its existence was of great importance in the history of cultural and economic relations on a large scale between the peoples of East and West. Cooperation, trade, exchange and enrichment of culture of ancient peoples to communicate with each other through this way formed the basis for peace and progress. The territory of Uzbekistan was situated at the crossroads of the way; merchants, craftsmen, scientists and architects from all over the world came here. On the Great Silk Road there were large-scale process of sale, diplomatic agreements and military alliances were concluded. The peoples of Central Asia have invested an enormous contribution to spread literature and world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Islam) into Asia and the Far East. The Great Silk Road was not only by the caravan, it was a process, leaving an indelible mark in the history of civilization of the peoples of Eurasia and serving as a great factor in its diversifying.
Khiva was one of the most important crossroads of the Silk Road leading from China to Rome. Our ancestors in a sign of deep love and respect for this ancient city glorified his name as the "City like Garden of Eden" ("Firdavsmonand Shahar") or "City rewarded with the sight of Allah."
Monument (sculpture) of Al-Khorezmi
Patriarch of luminaries of science Abu Abdullakh (Abu Jafar) Mukhammad ibn Musa al-Khorezmi, al-Majusi al-Katrabbuli, monument-sculpture of whom is mounted next to the gate Ata-Darvaza , was born in 783 in the city of Khiva, one of the major cultural centers of Khorezm, in a family of magicians, fire-worshipers. In its time, Khorezm was the land, which educated and gave the world many philosophers of science, the great scientists of world renown. One of them is Al-Khorezmi. About the historic role of the Khorezm land archaeologist and famous scientist, academician S.P.Tolstov said: - "A Place of Ancient Khorezm in the history of science is very important to the East. We know little about the antique periods of Khorezm to Islam. But, thoroughly analyzing the artefacts, we can say that in Khorezm at that time already the exact sciences - geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, topography, chemistry, mineralogy and natural sciences have been developed to a high degree ... Later, after Khorezm was incorporated into the Arab Caliphate, Khorezm scientists in a relatively short period of time have earned great fame and won the most advanced places among the founders of the so-called "Arab science."
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khorezmi in childhood and adolescence received primary education in his native Khorezm. He diligently studied Arabic, Persian, Hindi (Sanskrit) and Greek, read books in these languages and soon became a well-known scientist.
Baghdad caliph Harun al-Rashid in 808 appointed his son al-Ma'mun as governor (naib) of the Caliphate in the East. Prince Al-Mamun, arrived in the capital Merv (now Mary in Turkmenistan), relatively quickly gathered in the palace the scientists and poets living in his lands (Khorasan and Maurya) and organized a "Meeting of scientists Merv" (ie, a kind of Academy). Along with many other scholars al-Khorezmi also came in Merv, and here began the first steps of his fruitful scientific activity. Young scientist at the monastery met with many famous scientists of his time.
Al-Ma'mun, after his father's death in 813, declared himself caliph, sent troops to Baghdad, overthrew his brother Caliph al-Amin to the throne, later in 819 with a group of palace courtiers and scholars gathered in Merv, arrived at the center and capital of the Caliphate Baghdad. One of the useful beginnings he did after strengthening of his state was paying much attention to the creation and expansion of the "House of Wisdom" ("Bait-ul-Hikma"). In this research center there was a huge library, in which there was brought manuscripts from all areas of the caliphate, not only in Arabic but also in Greek, Persian, Hindi (Sanskrit), Syriac, and other languages. Through the efforts of the Caliph al-Ma'mun and the result of painstaking work of scientists of "House of Wisdom", most of them were translated into Arabic and began construction of a large observatory. In all corners of the world there were organized scientific expeditions, al-Mamun in the research center and around the caliphate the head of Sciences appointed our famous countryman Mohammed ibn Musa Al-Khorezmi.
In VIII - IX centuries, the capital of the Arab Caliphate of Baghdad - a historical Madinat al-Salam (City of Peace) was considered a well-maintained, thriving city with well-developed trade. The scientific activity of Al-Khorezmi in Baghdad was during the period of the board of the caliphs of Baghdad - Al-Mamun (813- 833 A.D.), al-Mutasim (833 - 842 A.D.) and the al-Wasick (842 - 847 A.D.). The "Bait al-Hikma". Together with Al-Khorezmi there worked well-known scientists of Central Asia, al-Fergani, Habash al-Hasib, Khalid ibn Abdumalik al-Merverudi, Yahya ibn Abi Mansur, Abbas ibn Sayyid Zhavkhari, Ahmad ibn Abdullah Mervezi Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir and others, as well as the most famous scholars and translators from all regions of the caliphate.
Al-Khorezmi wrote many treatises on mathematics, geometry, astronomy, history, geography and other sciences, around 20 of works of scientist survived up until now. It is: "Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar Hisab fi al-Jabr shaft Muqabala"
From the title of the work of Al-Khorezmi "Quick book on calculus and Al Jabr al-muqabala" ("Alzhabr va almuqobala xisobi xaqida qisqacha kitob") coined the term "algebra". Treatise in the XII century was translated into Latin and spread throughout Europe under the name "Algorithmi".
Our fellow countryman, the great mathematician Al-Khorezmi, died in the year 850 in the city of Baghdad, which served him as the last refuge of the creation. His scientific works have repeatedly been translated into Greek, Latin, German, English, Dutch, Russian. Great Khorezm scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni, poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam praised the scientific work of Al-Khorezmi. Scientific heritage of the scientist to the present day, maintaining its value, is worthy of welcome by the scientists of the present generation. 1200 anniversary of the great scientist was celebrated in 1983 on a large scale, with the participation of a wide range of world public opinion. Currently, a large number of schools in the cities of our country, squares, streets, mahallas, including the area of Tashkent, Urgench and Khiva is named after Al-Khorezmi, in many cities, in parks, squares, square monuments, busts of the great Khorezm scientists are erected. One of the central squares of the city of Khiva, where arriving in our city guests and tourists are met, is named after Al-Khorezmi.
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