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Madrasah and minaret of Muhammad Amin Khan
During the Khan's period in Khiva 64 madrasahs operated; the largest and most beautiful of them is believed to be a madrasah built by the Khan of Khiva Mohammed Amin Khan that is well preserved to this days. The madrasah is located in the western part of Ichan-Qala, on the right side from the entrance to the principal gates Ata-Darvaza. This architectural construction was built as a large and a luxurious project in accordance with the peculiar techniques of building skill of its period.
The madrasah is built of burnt bricks, the thickness of its walls is about 1,5 meters. The madrasah was built in two floors and consists of 130 cells (hujras) where, according to historical documents, 260 students lived and educated at a time.
Historical scientists highlight the history of the construction of the madrasah and the minaret like this: - "In the fourth year of his reign (Khanship) Madaminkhan, aloof the qybla (in Khiva it is conditionally south) opposite the Arch, began the construction of a madrasah and a minaret. He ordered Bekniyaz Divanbeghi to carry out its construction. When Bekniyaz Divanbeghi began the construction he assigned Mohammed Kareem Divan to supervise over it. having found well-known masters of Khorezm Mohammed Kareem took up for construction works. At the behest of the Khan in the village of Angaryk at the foot of the desert he began also construction of a country palace-hauli and garden and to lead it Ismail divan ibn Adina divan was appointed by Kushbeghi Abdullah. In 1851 contest (tender) was announced for construction of Muhammad Amin Khan madrasah and Khan liked a draft drawn by the chief master of Khiva (ustabashi) Abdullah "Jin". The madrasah was built within three years. Contented Khan enjoined Bekniyaz Divanbegi to prepare everything needed for a great celebrations and feasting. The brothers and the close relatives of the Khan who came to the feast were gifted with gold embroidery robes and dressings and racer horses. None of those who took part in the celebrations left without a gift. Contemporary poets having sung a hymn to the madrasah in verses with encrypted chronogram were also gifted by the Khan. Next to the madrasah there was started the construction of such majestic minaret that poets glorified that yet unfinished building by words - "As a pillar underpinning the dome of the heavens".
The portal of the madrasah was decorated with beautiful majolica tiles with handwriting on them in the style of nasta'liq of Arabic calligraphic script was written praise to the builders of the madrasah. In an arbitrary translation they sound as follows:
“At the will of God, at the behest of the Sultan of his time Abulghazi Muhammad Amin Khan ibn Allakulikhan (may his grave be bright), with the words: "let this be the abode of the good",- was erected this blessed madrasah on the date of 1270 Hijra"(1854)”.
By its architectural structure the madrasah is similar to other buildings alike. It is built symmetrically in two floors with a spacious rectangular courtyard of the same shape. Madrasah on the four corners is decorated corner turrets of “guldasta” style. The turrets installed on the both sides of the central portal of the madrasah are especially remarkable. Behind the principal facade of the madrasah there is five-domed mionsaray, a winter mosque, auditorium and a storerooms. Cells of the first floor served as housing and utility rooms on the second floor residential rooms are equipped with one side open to the arched loggias which give the building attractiveness. The Inner courtyard is decorated with four small portals, the front of which is decorated with a majolica patterns of Khiva including woven into calligraphic inscriptions of Arabic writing in the style of "Suls scripts". In window apertures of the madrasah ganch patterned lattices "pandjara" are installed. In the lower part of the walls of the madrasah on the socle a waterproof layer from mountain stones is laid (its height is 68 cm). The overall dimensions of the madrasah are 71.7m. to 60.0 m; of the courtyard is 38.0 x 38.0 m. The winter mosque is 9.4 x 8.4 ms.; the auditorium is 5.6 x 5.5 ms.; summer mosque- 5.6 x 5.6 m; the height of the portal makes 25 meters.
According to the description of the famous traveler Arminium Vamberi who arrived to Khiva in 1863 madrasah Muhammad Amin Khan (in local dialect Madaminkhan) was constructed as a caravanserai, the minaret which is near the madrasah remained unfinished due to the tragic death of the Khan. 130 cells (hujras) madrasah were designed for 260 students, and to madrasah were allotted waqf lands in certain sizes. The area of these lands made 32525 tanap and the crop grown and harvested from them used to be distributed among the students and staff of the madrasah. The annual revenue coming from these waqf lands made 12000 Khivan batman (a batman – 20 kg) of wheat and 5000 Tilley (gold coins) in money. Distribution of the income was as follows:
Batman of wheat Tillia (gold coins)
5 Ahunov 3000 150
1Imam 2000 40
1Muezzin 200 40
2servants 200 40
1Barber 200 40
For 2 mutevelli 1/10th of the total income of the madrasah and the rest was distributed among the students, who were divided into 3 classes (grades):
1st class 60 4
2nd class 30 2
3rd class 15 1,32
In each hujra there resided 2-3 students, doors of all the hujras faced the courtyard of the madrasah and a hearth was set in each hujra. In madrasah religious and secular sciences were taught and at the same time there were banned entertaining games and singing songs. The term of study at a madrasah was unlimited; some students studied on the same course for 3 - 4 years, even for 8 - 10 years. Education in the madrasah was carried out on 3 steps: In the -
1. Initial "adno"
2. Average "Awsat"
3. The higher "A`lo" - groups.
In the initial stage Arabic grammar, the logic, laws of Sharia, religious practices and the literature in Arabic and Persian languages were taught. During the remaining two stages the students diligently studied "Tahzib" (logic), ilohiyot (theology), the law and other disciplines. Madrasah would admit a son of every Muslim who reached the age of 15, considering his literacy and abilities. Attendants of madrssahs were called Mullahs or talibul ilm. From among the students who had graduated from madrasahs famous poets, historians, calligraphist scribes, scholars and educated people came out. In the madrasah a large library and the Office of the High Court of Qadi were housed.
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