I. INTRODUCTION
After its successful application to improved drug dis-
covery in the biomedical arena, combinatorial synthesis
has become an area of active research in inorganic
chemistry and advanced materials. Because of the rapid
systematic production of novel compounds it is an ap-
pealing technique to generate libraries of compounds for
discovery of advanced materials such as phosphors,
1,2
dielectrics,
3
heterogeneous catalysts,
4
and magnetore-
sistive materials.
5
In 1995, Xiang and Schultz first ap-
plied the combinatorial method to the study of advanced
materials and produced previously known supercon-
ducting oxide compounds.
6
The combinatorial library in
this first study was generated by thin film deposition
through a series of binary masks. The thickness of each
layer and rearrangement of the masks allowed the sys-
tematic deposition of compounds. Since then, thin film
deposition has become the primary method for the pro-
duction of combinatorial libraries of advanced materials
on a microscale.
Other advanced materials, such as phosphors and
heterogeneous catalysts, can benefit from solution-phase
syntheses. Applying a scanning multihead inkjet deliv-
ery system to the deposition of libraries, Xiang and
Schultz developed a solution-phase protocol for the pro-
duction of combinatorial libraries of phosphor pow-
ders.
1
Heterogeneous catalyst libraries have since been
generated by various other techniques including pellet
impregnation,
4
“split and pool” solid-phase synthesis,
7
sol-gel synthesis,
8
hydrothermal synthesis
9
and inkjet
deposition on graphite paper.
10
Infrared
4,7
and fluores-
cence
10
imaging are among techniques that have been
used to determine the relative activity of the members of
the catalyst or phosphor libraries and several new useful
compounds have come from these studies. This paper
describes development of a process for generating com-
binatorial libraries of oxide powders using a modified
Pechini
11
method.
The modified Pechini or liquid-mix (LM) synthesis
route, during which metal salts are chelated with citric
acid and undergo polyesterification with ethylene glycol,
has been widely studied in recent years. The optimal ratio
of citric acid to ethylene glycol, and the ratio of organic
material to metal nitrates have been determined to yield
high surface-area resins and oxide powders for the
La
0.85
Sr
0.15
CrO
3−
␦
system.
12,13
Numerous mixed and
complex oxide powders have since been generated using
these methods
14,15
and have been found to have proper-
ties superior to those made with conventional solid-state
and sol-gel syntheses. The LM process has several sig-
nificant advantages over conventional techniques: it al-
lows mixing on an atomic level and offers both lower
processing temperatures (<800 °C) and shorter proc-
essing times.
12–15
Because of these processing param-
eters, powders with high surface areas and small mean
particle sizes can be produced. This is especially useful
for processing heterogeneous catalysts, where the surface
area is a crucial component of the activity of the catalyst.
Another advantage for heterogeneous catalyst synthesis
is that this procedure avoids the need for support mate-
rials because as the solution of metal salts, citric acid, and
ethylene glycol is heated, a polymer resin forms, which
can be used as a catalyst foam. Without the support ma-
terials, a moderately high surface area can be achieved,
and the deactivating support-catalyst interactions that can
occur at higher decomposition temperatures (>800 °C)
are avoided.
For this research, one of the most important advan-
tages of the modified Pechini synthesis route is that it is
an “inkjet capable” process, and therefore lends itself
J. Mater. Res., Vol. 16, No. 4, Apr 2001
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well to combinatorial synthesis. As noted earlier, several
synthesis routes have been used to generate combinato-
rial libraries of materials. Solution-phase synthesis
with metal nitrate precursor solutions has been used to
generate libraries of phosphor powders on the micros-
cale.
1
That technique is quite practical for the production
of phosphor compounds. However, the decomposition of
nitrates does not provide particle sizes or surface areas in
ranges that would be useful in heterogeneous catalysis.
Combinatorial libraries of zeolite powders have been
produced using several different hydrothermal synthesis
reactors.
9,16
However, this process is a complex tech-
nique, which is not as convenient a method to rapidly
generate high surface area heterogeneous catalysts as
inkjet deposition. Sol-gel synthesis routes have also been
used to make libraries of heterogeneous catalyst pow-
ders.
4
The viscosities of the sol precursors can be too
high to be used in an inkjet solution technique, making
the deposition of such libraries cumbersome. The foamy
resin formed upon drying of the solutions in the liquid-
mix method decomposes to form an oxide powder of
moderately high surface area. The oxide powder can then
easily be examined for catalytic activity, particle size,
and composition.
The current system under investigation consists of the
mixed oxides Cu
1−x
Ce
x
O
3
(where 0
艋 x 艋 1), which
have long been known to contain many active catalyst
compositions for the oxidation of CO. Because of this
high activity, this system was considered ideal to deter-
mine if the modified Pechini method is suitable for com-
binatorially generating powders for heterogeneous
catalysis. In addition to examining the Cu
1−x
Ce
x
O
3
sys-
tem, we will also present results for the perovskite-like
La
1−x
Sr
x
CoO
3−
␦
system (where 0
ⱕ x ⱕ 1). This system
is used as a further diagnostic check to determine if the
protocol is useful for application to other oxide systems.
Several of the compositions in this system have been
studied extensively for various properties
17,18
and have
been processed using both solid-phase synthesis and liq-
uid-mix procedures.
19
To ensure that meaningful com-
parisons of catalytic activity and powder properties are
being made, careful characterization of the powders has
been performed. Ordinarily, with a rapid sample genera-
tion technique such as combinatorial synthesis, such
painstaking powder characterization would not occur but
is performed here to examine the uniformity of the process.
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