Psychological assessment
a psychological perspective, a model incorporat-
ing biological, psychological and social parameters
and their impacts on functioning – a
biopsychoso-
cial
model – has greater ‘real-world’ meaningful-
ness [3].
A BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
A biopsychosocial model recognizes the interplay
of multiple factors in the origins, maintenance and
impacts of psychological problems on personal
functioning. As an alternative starting point,
it is complemented by adopting experimental
psychology and psychopathology as the primary
knowledge bases. For child psychologists, sys-
temic, developmental, individual difference and
sociocultural considerations are also basic to their
approach. This recognizes that biological
systems
develop and function in ongoing transactions
between genetic endowment and experiences,
within and across all levels of the developing
organism and environment, from cellular biochem-
istry to the physical and psychosocial worlds. These
influences operate from conception (and before),
over the lifespan [4], and may need to occur
in certain developmental (sensitive) phases for
emerging patterns to function effectively [5]. Post-
natal development is recognized as non-linear,
involving major qualitative and quantitative
transitions from birth onwards. Underlying devel-
opment are differential changes in neural systems
functioning in typical environments. Some systems
only become fully functional well into adolescence
or beyond [6]. Such requirements for an accept-
able model are encompassed in Bronfenbrenner’s
developmental bioecological theory [7].
In
a
bioecological-inspired
‘model’
(see
Figure 39.1), the individual is at the centre of
interacting nested systems extending from care at
home to the broader sociocultural and physical
milieu. These influence and can be influenced by
the developing individual, ‘the biopsychosocial
person’ at the centre of the microsystem (Ref. [7],
p. xvi), and by each other. Bronfenbrenner’s [8]
ideas have had a profound effect on thinking
in developmental psychology, manifest in varied
applications of bioecological theory. Figure 39.1 is
an instance applied both to understanding clinical
problems and to assessment. In this model, the
individual is at the centre of increasingly broader
Intra-individual
Development
Family
School &
peer group
Intra-individual systems
Self
IQ
Motor
skills
Executive
functions
Temperament
Memory
Language
Social functions
Wider
community
State
Physical world
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