“chemical engineering”

Special polymer materials

ĶPI 425

Assistant Professor Jānis Kajaks

Course description: 3 Credit units; 48 hours (48 lectures)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

• 
  Plastics in the world and their historical development. Polymers *pyramid*. Special polymer materials group range in this *pyramid* and usage kinds. Thermal resistance polymers, content, forming conditions, structure and properties. Aliphatic, aliphatic-aromatic and aromatic polyethers, polyesters, polysulfones, polysulfides, polyanhydrides, polyamides and etc. Heterocycle chain polymers, polyimides and etc. Polymers with electrical and electronic properties., electrical conductivity - mechanism and conditions. Filled composites with disperssed metals and carbon black. Photo sensitive polymers: theoretical basis, content, structure and utilization fields. Polymers flame resistance problems, mechanisms and kinds of solving these problems. Defining methods of polymers burning ability. Antipyrenes influence on polymer composites properties. Polymers with exelent optical properties: content, structure and usage. Thermoelastoplasts and their characteristics, copolymers and polymer blends, distinguishing of processing of these kinds materials.
  
• 
  Hydrophylic polymers: natural, semisynthetic and synthetic materials, content, structure, modification methods and utilization. Ion exchange polymers: classification, content, structure and utilization. Polymers dyed in structure. Their advantages and use. Foamed plastics, procesing, structure, properties, kinds, wide utilization and etc.
  

Literature:

1. 
   Specialty polymers Ed. by R.W. Dyson 1987.- 186 p.
   
2. 
   K. Bīlers Siltuma un termiski izturīgi polimēri. M., Ķīmija, 1984.- 1056 l. (kr.val.)
   
3. 
   V. Guļs, L. Šenkels Elektrovadošas polimēru kompozīcijas.- M.,Ķīmija, 1984, 240 l. (kr.val.)
   
4. 
   V. Kopilovs u.c. Polimēru materiāli ar pazeminātu degamību. M.,Ķimija, 1986.- 214 l. (kr.val.)
   
5. 
   V. Miļņikovs Fotovadoši polimēri. Ļ.,Ķīmija, 1990.- 235 l. (kr.val.)
   
6. 
   Gaismas jūtīgi polimēru materiāli.Ļ., Ķīmija, 1985.-296 l. (kr.val.)
   
7. 
   N. Baraškovs, T. Sahno Optiski caurspīdīgu polimēri un materiāli uz to bāzes. M.,Ķīmija, 1992.-76 l. (kr.val.)
   
8. 
   Termoelastoplasti. V. Moisejeva redakcijā. M., Ķīmija,1985.-182 l. (kr.val.)
   
9. 
   N. Baraškovs Fluoriscējošie polimēri.- M., Ķīmija.-1987,-222 l. (kr.val.)
   
10. 
    L. Sperlings Savstarpēji saslēgtu tīklu veidošanās.- M.,Ķīmija, 1987.-222l. (kr.val.)
    
11. 
    Nikolajevs Ūdenī šķīstoši polimēri. Ļ.,ĶĪmija, 1979.-145 l. (kr.val.)
    
12. 
    Djakonovs Polimēri kino-foto materiālos. Ļ., Ķīmija,1991,-238 l. (kr.val.)
    
13. 
    E. Berkutovs Sintētiskie ūdenī šķīstošie polimēri. Alma-Ata Zinātne, 1981.-248 l. (kr.val.)
    
14. 
    V. Kolodovs Polimēru materiālu degšanas samazinātāji. M., Ķīmija, 1986.-267 l. (kr.val.)
    
15. 
    N. Baraškovs Struktūrā iekrāsoti polimēri un materiāli uz to bāzes. M.,Ķīmija, 1987.-76 l.(kr. val.)
    

Fiber materials

ĶPI 426

Associated Professor Skaidrīte Reihmane

Course description: 3Credit units; 48 hours (32 lectures, 16 laboratories)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

• 
  Fibers as high molecular compounds. Types of fibers forming polymers. Main factors, impressing properties of fibers and main stages of man-made fibers production. Principles of choice of fibers forming and modification methods. Fibers classification, development of production and application tendencies.
  
• 
  Natural fibers. Natural vegetable fibers (NVF), their structure and properties. Cellulose - main structure element of vegetable fibers. Wood fibers. Natural admixtures of cellulosic fibers. Chemical and physical properties of NVF, their textile and technical application. Protein fibers (wool, natural silk). Structure of proteins. Proteins as ampholytes. Chemical composition and structure of keratin and fibroin. Protein fibers properties and application.
  
• 
  Man - made fibers. Fibers obtained from natural polymers (viscose, acetates, cupro etc), their structure, properties and application. Synthetic fibers. Carbochain (acrylic, polyvinylalchocol, polyvinylchloride, polyolefines) and heterochain fibers (polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes), their production and properties.
  
• 
  Fibers for industrial or specialty uses. Glass, aramid, carbon, metallic etc fibers, their properties and application in composites, building materials, as geotextiles etc. Application of finishes for fibers properties modification. Comparison of fiber materials using following characteristics: classification, chemical properties (active groups, bonding between macromolecules, sorptive properties, chemical resistance), temperature, biological and environmental resistance, application. Identification of fibers.
  

Literature:

1. 
   Reihmane S. Tekstilķīmija. Lekciju konspekts. Rīga, 1998.
   
2. 
   Cook J.G. Handbook of Textile Fibres: Vol.1: Natural Fibres. Merrow Publ. Co. LTD, 1984.
   
3. 
   Cook J.G. Handbook of Textile Fibres: Vol.2: Man - Made Fibres. Merrow Publ. Co. LTD, 1984.
   
4. 
   Hatch K.L. Textile Science. NJ, West Publish. Comp., 1993.
   
5. 
   Fritz A., Cant J. Consumer Textiles. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994.
   

Wood - material science

ĶPI 427

Professor Ģirts Zaķis

Course description: 5Credit units; 80 hours (48lectures, 32laboratories)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

• 
  Macrostructure of trees, tree parts and their functions, relative content. Macroscopical structure of wood - pith, annual growth rings, earlywood and latewood, their links with growing conditions, knots. Growing of wood. Cambium, its action, formation of bark. Types of wood cells, structure of cells, functions, types of pores. Difference between microscopical structure of conifer and foliage trees. Submicroscopical structure of wood cells. Location of layers in the walls of cells, orientation of microfibrills, content of chemical compounds in layers.
  
• 
  Chemical composition of wood. Content of compounds and analysis methods. Lignin - structure, isolation and delignification methods. Cellulose, physical and chemical properties. Obtaining methods. Hemicellulose, types and properties. Extractives, their classification. Pine resins. Terpenes, terpenic acids. Tannins. Oxygen, light (UV), temperature and other factors influence on wood and its components physical and chemical properties.
  
• 
  Fungi and bacteria influence on wood. Structural and chemical changes. Wood protection methods and materials. Wood damages caused by insects. Damages stating and abatement methods. Repairs of historical buildings and objects (investigation, operation sequence, methods - solidification, filling of hollows, gluing, bleaching etc.). Handling with water logged wood (excavation, transportation). Methods of wet wood dehydration (alum process, solvents exchange method). Characterisation of archaeological wood (structure, chemical changes). Handling with dig out wood. Methods of consolidation of decayed wood (consolidation of cell walls, filling of lumens). Consolidants.
  

Literature:

1. 
   V. Ņikitins, A. Oboļenska, V. Ščegoļevs. Koksnes un celulozes ķīmija.- M.: 1978. -368 lpp. (in Russ.).
   
2. 
   2. A. Oboļenska, Z. Jeļņicka, A.Ļeonovičs. Laboratorijas darbi koksnes un celulozes ķīmijā.- M.: 1991. -320 lpp. (in Russ.).
   
3. 
   H. Kuhn. Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities,
   
4. 
   vol. 1.- Butterworths, 1987.
   
5. 
   C.V. Horie. Materials for Conservation.- Butterworths, 1990.
   
6. 
   M. Grīnberga. Materiālmācība galdniekiem.- R.: Jumava, 1999. -188 lpp.
   
7. 
   J. Ashurst, N. Ashurst. Practical Building Conservation. Volume 5, Wood, Glass and Resins.- Gower Technical Press, 1990. -114 p.
   
8. 
   Conservation - Restoration of Leather and Wood. Training of Restorers. 6^th International Restorer Seminar. Veszprem: 1987. -508 p.
   
9. 
   M.K. Ņikitins, E.P. Meļņikova. Ķīmija restaurācijā.- Ļ: Ķīmija, 1990. - 304 str. (in Russ.).
   

Paper - material science

ĶPI 428

Professor Arnis Treimanis

Course description: 5Credit units; 80 hours (48 lectures, 32 laboratories)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

• 
  Historical survey on papermaking. Pulp and paper production and consumption volumes today. Wood resources for pulp production. Recycling of paper fibres.
  
• 
  Fundamentals of mechanical and chemical pulp production technology. Pulp bleaching schemes, notion of non- chlorine ECF and TCF bleaching and ways of bleaching realization.
  
• 
  Pulp preparation for paper production, forming of paper composition. Wet and dry part of papermaking machine. Performance of paper and cardboard in items.
  
• 
  Paper and its properties.
  
• 
  Internal and external factors of paper deterioration. Paper oxidation and yellowing, light influence on paper durability. Paper decay under the influence of biological factors.
  
• 
  Accelerated methods for paper decay investigation, paper durability forcasting.
  
• 
  Chemical and technological methods for paper durability increase. Advantages of papermaking in neutral and alkaline media. Hydrofobizators reacting with cellulose, glues.
  
• 
  Fibre materials, fillers, synthetic polymers and modified cellulose fibres influence on paper durability. Evaluation of paper ageing extant - physical, mechanical and chemical properties.
  
• 
  Large quantity paper neutralization methods and their evaluation. Individual ways of paper items neutralization, aged paper strength increasing methods.
  
• 
  Paper conservation and restoration aims, the main operations: cleaning flushing, neutralization, bleaching etc. Spots removing, tear-off filling, duplication, lamination, consolidation. Materials, used for paper conservation and restoration.
  
• 
  Preventive measures against action of micro-organisms. Evaluation of paper biological durability. Influence of neutralization on paper biological durability.
  

Literature:

1. 
   G. A. Smook. Handbook for pulp & paper technologists. Angus Wilde Publications, Vancouver, 1994, 420 p.
   
2. 
   C. J. Biermann. Handbook of pulping and papermaking. Academic Press, San Diego, New York, 1996, 754 p.
   
3. 
   W. Sanderman. Die Kulturgeschichte des Papiers. Springer Verlag, 1988, 202 S.
   
4. 
   G. M. Cunha. Mass deacidification for libraries. Library Technology reports, 1987, vol. 23, p. 362-472.
   
5. 
   D. M. Fļate. Papīra īpašības. Izd. “Ļesnaja promišļennostj”, Maskava, 1986, (in Russ.).
   
6. 
   J.C. Williams. Preservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value II. ACS, Washington, 1981, 456 p.
   
7. 
   H. Kuhn. Conservation and Restoration of Works of Art and Antiquities, vol.I. Butterworths, 1987, 262 p.
   
8. 
   Biodeterioration of Cultural Property. Ed. O.P. Agrwall, S. Dhawan. - Lucknow: NRLC, 1991, 494 p.
   
9. 
   G. Caneva, M.P. Nugari, O. Salvadori. Biology in th Conservation of Works of Art. - Rome: ICCROM, 1991, 182 p.