“chemical engineering”

Professor Jānis Vētra

Course description: 3 Credit units; 48 hours (48 lectures)

Control forms: Exam
Course content:

• 
  The ways or interaction of materials with surrounding biological environment.
  
• 
  Biological, interaction, reaction of cells on foreign body, immunological mechanisms, isolation of the body from material which can not be destructed and eliminated.
  
• 
  Chemical, interaction, excretion of substances from material, its forms, local and general influence on body. The influence of active chemical compounds of the body on surface and inner structure of different materials.
  
• 
  Mechanical interaction, conception of tissue and material biomechanical compatibility.
  
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  Electrical interaction, material as isolator or as conductor, concentration and conduction of electrical biopotentials.
  
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  Physchological interaction, content and tasks of rehabilitation program while ensuring joint action of body and implant.
  
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  The influence of duration of interaction on biocompatibility.
  
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  Short term, medium or long lasting interaction of body with biomaterial, estimation of their peculiarities.
  
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  The local, distanced and systematic influence on body.
  
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  The classification of materials according to their chemical composition, structure and way of use in connection with expected local, distanced and systemic influence on macroorganism.
  
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  Inoffensivenes of material and biocompatibility of constructions.
  
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  Inoffensivenes of materials as primary demand to materials suitability to be a biomaterial, methods of its evaluation.
  
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  The forms of implantant and influence of geometry on biocompatibility.
  
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  Conditioned character of conceptions bioinert and bioactive.
  
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  Standard activities of body when reacting on any traumatic interference in its inner environment. Inflammation as universal protection reaction of connective tissue. Possibilities to change the intensity and form of body’s reaction according to features of surface and chemical composition of biomaterial.
  
• 
  Bioactivity - the mean to provide biointeraction.
  

Literature:

1. 
   J.Vetra , L. Slutski . Biocompatibility and reactogenicity of materials : a semantic and logical analysis of definitions and their practical significance ./Cells and Materials Vol.6, Nr.1-3, 1996, pp 137-142.
   
2. 
   J.Vetra. Current trends in biocompatibility of biomaterials./Rostocker Medizinische Beitrage, Rostock, Nr.4., 1996, pp.21-23.
   
3. 
   J.Vetra, I.Paegle, L.Berzina, R.Cimdins. Glass-ceramics gradient coatings components and soft tissue interaction morphological evalution./Med.Biological Engineering&Computing, Vol.35, suppl.P.I., 1997, p.63
   
4. 
   L.Slutski, J.Vetra. Banding Materials Assessment Criteria: Biocompatibility, Reactogenecity, Bioactivity./International Wound Association the 5^th International Congress, Tel-Aviv, Israel, 2-5 March, 1998, Book of Abstracts, p.91-92
   

Oxide and Non-oxide Ceramics

ĶST 517
Associated professor Gaida-Maruta Sedmale

Course description: 2Credit units; 32 hours (16 lectures, 16 laboratories)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

Aim: to give the knowledge about some kinds of oxide and non-oxide ceramics materials, their production methods, properties and using.

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  Engineering properties of single oxides (MgO, CaO, ZrO₂, Al₂O₃) multicomponent and multiphase oxides.
  
• 
  Engineering properties of zirconia, borides, carbides, nitrides, graphite. Glass ceramics.
  
• 
  Applications for technical and advanced uses.
  

Literature:

1. 
   Samuel J. Schneider (Technical chairman). Ceramic and Glasses. Volume 4. Engineering materials Handbook,1217 p.
   
2. 
   J. Kriegesman.Technische Keramische Werkstoffe. Deutsches Wirtschaftsdienst,1989, Teil 1-4 (Teil1)
   
3. 
   D.G. Vjcrdf> 1984>255 cnh.
   
4. 
   D.C. Ujhirjd> D.U. Cfdtkmtd> Y.A. Atljhjd. Abpbxtcrfz [bvbz cbkbrfnjd> Vjcrdf> 1988> 397 cnh.
   

The problems of long life of silicate and high – temperature materials

ĶST 521

Assistant Professor Visvaldis Švinka

Course description: 4Credit units; 64 hours (48 lectures, 16 laboratories)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

• 
  Subject of limited choice for the direction
  
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  The level of studies – studies for master’s degree.
  
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  Credit points 4, lecture 3h/week, laboratory work 1h/week.
  
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  Corrosion of natural and synthetic silicate materials in the atmospheric conditions. Physical, chemical and biological corrosion. Physical processes of disintegration of materials: thermal and mechanical durability, frost resistance.
  
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  The influence of cyclical frozen – thawing on the frost resistance of building ceramics.
  
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  The diagram of equilibrium state water – ice. Frozen of water in the pores and capillaries. Open, closed and passable pores. Quantity and dimensions of pores. Methods of determination of porosity. Porosity of various ceramics materials. Influence of the pore dimensions on the frost resistance. Relationship between pore dimensions and water adsorption and coefficient of saturation. Mercury porosimetry. The pore distribution in the produced in Latvia building ceramics (companies “Lode”, “Livani”, and “Kalnciems”). Porosity and sintering process.
  
• 
  Direct and indirect methods for the determination of frost resistance. Clima chamber (DIN 52104). The limiting parameters of this method: saturation with water, temperature and velocity of frozen. The indirect methods of determination of frost resistance:
  

water adsorption;

distribution of pores and their volume;

mechanical durability;

measurement of ultrasonic velocity;

measurement of resonance frequency;

dilatometry of cooling;

Raster electronic microscopy.

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  Technological methods and composition of ceramic body. The influence of additive for the formation of regulation size of pores and firing temperature on the frost resistance of ceramic materials. Demands of Latvian standard for the frost resistance of clay bricks.
  
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  Thermal durability.
  
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  The influence of various factors on the thermal durability of silicate materials. Coefficient of thermal expansion and methods of determination. The parcial coefficient of thermal expansion of oxides and silicate materials. Thermal durability of composite – glazed ceramic materials. Interinfluence of glaze and ceramic body; conformity of their coefficient of thermal expansion. Influence of elasticity modulus. Heat – resistance of ceramics and glass materials; methods of determination.
  
• 
  Fire resisting ceramic materials. Determination methods of fire resistance.
  
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  Moisture expansion of silicate ceramics. The phase composition of ceramic materials and moisture expansion. Crystalline and amorphous phases in the silicate materials, what can react to water. Determination of moisture expansion and control methods.
  
• 
  Chemical resistance of silicate materials. Acidic resistance of glass and ceramics. Oxide, what increase the acidic resistance of glass.
  
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  Alkaline resistance of glass and ceramics. Methods of the determination of chemical resistance. Salt resistance of building ceramics. Corrosion of sulphate and chloride. Pressure of hydration and crystallisation of salts in the pores.
  
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  Biological and microbiological corrosion of silicate materials. Microbiological corrosion of decorative glasses and stained glass panels. Protection and clearing of glass surface in the microbiological corrosion.
  
• 
  Corrosion of concrete.
  
• 
  Mechanical durability of silicate and oxide materials. Macro- and microstructure of silicate materials. Texture. Orienting structure. Pressing and bending strength. Hardness. Wear resistance of ceramic materials and methods of determination.
  

Literature:

1. 
   R. Švinka, V.Švinka. Chemistry and technology of silicate materials. Editor “Saknes”, Riga, 1997, 192p. (Latvian).
   
2. 
   R.Newton, S.Davison. Conservation of glass. London, Boston, 1989, 322p.
   

Tests of biomaterials in vitro

ĶST 536