“chemical engineering”

Assistant Professor Līga Bērziņa

Course description: 3 Credit units; 48 hours (16 lectures, 16 practice, 32 laboratories)

Control forms: Test
Course content:

• 
  Biomaterials standards and their necessity.
  
• 
  Characterization and necessity of the test “in vitro”.
  
• 
  The creation of model - conditions for tests of biomaterials “in vitro” -
  
• 
  the chemical structure of model surroundings, temperature, longitude, mechanical load.
  
• 
  The methods of analysis of material and model surroundings before, during and after “in vitro” test.
  
• 
  Specific testing methods of biomaterials -
  
• 
  tissues,
  
• 
  isolated organs,
  
• 
  impact to isolated tissues.
  
• 
  Tests of biomaterials “in vitro”- from simple to complicated:
  

tests in medium of distilled water,

in medium of physiological solution with different pH,

tests in simulated body fluid,

cell and viscera cultures.

• 
  Rules and demands in work with cell and viscera cultures:
  

sterility in work with cells, tissue and viscera;

incubation of cells, tissue and viscera;

sterilization of vessels and instruments;

preparation of samples, sterilization and preservation;

in“in vitro”test using vessels and instruments cleaning.
Literature:

1. 
   Larry L.Hench, June Wilson. An Introduction to Bioceramics, Advanced Series in Ceramics - Vol.1, Wored Scientific, Singapore, New Jersey, London, Hong Kong, 1993.
   
2. 
   E.Wintermantel, S.-W.ha. Biocompatible Werkshoffe und Bauweisen, Implantate für Medizin und Umvelt,. Springers - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1998.
   
3. 
   M.Шалдах. Электрокардитерапия, “ Северо - Запад”, С - Петербург, 1992
   
4. 
   Государственная Фармакопея, СССР, Москва,” Медицина”, 1987
   
5. 
   Ö. H.Andersson, J.I.Salonen, A.Y.Urpo. Biomaterials today and tomorrow, Edit Turku Centre for Biomaterials, Finland, 1996.
   

Tests of biomaterials in vivo

ĶST 537

Professor Jānis Vētra

Course description: 2 Credit units; 32 hours (32 lectures)

Control forms: Exam
Course content:

• 
  Selection of laboratory animals and implantation technique according to the features of implant, size and anticipated use at the clinics.
  
• 
  Experiments with white mice, rats, guinea-pig, rabbits, dogs, sheep, calfe. Advantages, faults, peculiarities of experiment, anesthesia. Determination of materials and forms of constructions for concreate animal species.
  
• 
  Working conditions with laboratory animals and clinical tests.
  
• 
  Technical, biological, ethic and legal aspects.
  
• 
  Code of Ethics.
  
• 
  Methods of biomaterial tests before, during and after the implantation.
  
• 
  The determination of sample’s weight, size, mechanical and chemical features before implantation.
  
• 
  Evaluation of interactions of samples with host organism during the implantation with the help of clinical laboratory analyses.
  
• 
  Taking the material and tissue examples after liquidation of animals.
  
• 
  Technique of preparing preparations for histologic examination, methods of staining, bases of morphologic analysis.
  
• 
  Methods to evaluate occurred changes in material.
  
• 
  indirect tests of biomaterials.
  
• 
  Diagnostics of imagining analysis, functional tests.
  
• 
  isolated influence of the biomaterials forming components and degration products on living organism.
  
• 
  Methods to determine isolated influence. Tests on biocompatibility and innocuous of separate components of material, extract and elements of construction.
  
• 
  Valuation of possible noxious components of object organs and tissue, evaluation of caused results.
  

Literature:

1. 
   V.Kalbergs , Anatomija , Rīga, Zinātne , 1983, 285 pp.(in Latvian)
   
2. 
   C.G.Gebelein, F.F.Koblitz. Biomedical and dental applications of polymers./Plenum Press,1991, 491pp.
   
3. 
   J.B.Park. Biomaterials Science and Engineering./Plenum Press, 1994, 457 pp.
   
4. 
   S.Rowland. Water in Poluymers./American Chemical Society Symposium Series 127, 1989, pp. 554.
   

Elements microanalysis of solids

ĶST 538

Assistant Professor Rūdolfs Cimdiņš

Course description: 2Credit units; 32 hours (16 lectures, 16 practice)

Control forms: Exam
Course content:

• 
  The characterizing elements of solid.: surface, phases, micro regions, border surfaces, chemical composition, compounds.
  
• 
  The interaction radiation - solid.
  
• 
  Electromagnetic radiation. Forms of radiation. Frequency and number of waves.
  
• 
  The power spectrum of radiation, dispersion.
  
• 
  Spectroscopycal analysis, its forms: emission, absorption, luminescence, fluorescence, photoelectron, masspectroscopy, etc. Depth of pressing into radiation.
  
• 
  Methods of analysis of substances.
  
• 
  The more significant inducement and emission methods of analysis. Describing and analysing methods.
  
• 
  Inducement methods:
  

• 
  Microscopy. Formation of optic microscope.
  
• 
  Methods of increasing contrast of picture. Distinguishing capacity. Mistakes of pictures.
  
• 
  Electron microscopy: SEM, TEM, STEM, PHEEM. The structure and operations of electrons microscope and microanalyser. CAMECA analysers. Application of characteristic x-rays radiation in analysis. The problems of boron, carbon and oxygen quantitative analysis. Laser mass - spectroscopy. Measuring the thickness of coating using electron X- rays microprobe.
  
• 
  Methods of analysis: diffractions of electrons, mass analysis, spectroscopy of ions and diffractions of X- rays.
  
• 
  Spectroscopycal methods of analysis: ISS, SIMS, AES, ESCA, ESMA, EDX .
  

Literature:

1. 
   .D.Ackermand. Element-Mikroanalyse zur Qualitätssicherung fester Stoffe. Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1995, S.217
   
2. 
   Anthony R. West Solid state chemistry and its applications John Wiley & Sons , 1988, pp. 555.
   
3. 
   Interfacial Science in Ceramic Joining, Edited by A.Bellosi, T.Kosmač and A.P.Tomsia, NATO ASI Series, 3. High Technology, Vol.58, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.
   

The theory and practice of conservation/restoration

ĶST 545

Lecturer Linda Krāģe

Course description: 3Credit units; 48 hours (24 lectures, 24 practice)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

• 
  Principles of conservation. Terminology. The World Heritage Convention. International documents. Principles of practical conservation and restoration. Degrees of intervention. Authenticity. Treatments related to authenticity in material, in workmanship, in design and in setting. Regular maintenance.
  
• 
  Multi-disciplinary collaboration in conservation. Main tasks of administrator, archaeologist, architect, art/architectural historian, builder/contractor, conservation officer, conservator, engineer, environmental engineer, landscape architect, master craftworker, material scientist, quantity surveyor, surveyor, town planner.
  
• 
  The visitors of World Cultural Heritage sites. Needs of visitors. Vandalism and damage. Site maintenance. Presentation. Publicity.
  
• 
  The documentation of conservation/restoration. Purposes of documentation. International guidelines. Aspects of museum documentation. Choice and representativity. Environment. Identity.
  
• 
  Value of object. Categories of values.
  
• 
  Study of object (monument) from the historical, artistical and technical point of view. Analysis. Research: intrinsic and extrinsic elements of analyses. Causes of deterioration. Intrinsic causes, related to the position (geotopographical, climate, orientation) and related to the structure (materials, systems) of object. Extrinsic causes: forces of nature - prolonged action, human action.
  
• 
  Ethics in conservation. Object. Interpretation. Problematic in conservation. Main principles of ethics in practical conservation. Education and practice; administrative personnel; publications, authors, editors; research, interpretation, documentation.
  

Literature:

1. 
   Guidelines of the Management of World Heritage Sites.- ICCROM -UNESCO, June 1990.
   
2. 
   Feilden S B. Multi Disciplinary Collaboration.- International Training Committee, ICCROM CIF, Colombo, 2.VIII 1993.
   
3. 
   Feilden S.B. Introduction to Conservation of Cultural Property.- Rome, ICCROM, 1979.
   
4. 
   DOssat De Angelis G. Guide to the Methodical Study of Monuments and Causes of Their Deterioration.- Faculty of Architecture, University of Rome, ICCROM, 1972 (1982).
   
5. 
   Jdrzejewsk H. Ethics in Conservation. (Utkast till Svensk bearbetning av Bjorn Hallstrom och Anne-Marie Gidlung-Dahlberg).- Stockholm, Kungliga Konsthogskola, 1980.
   
6. 
   Van Gigch J.P., Rosvall J.Multilevel Ethics of Conservation.- 3-th Annual Conference, International Coc. Syst. Sc. (ISSS) Ostersund, Swede, June 1991, 289-290 pp.
   
7. 
   Jokilehto J. Viewpoints: The Debate on Authenticity.- ICCROM Newsletter 21, July 1995.
   
8. 
   Rosvall J., Lagerqvist B. Scientific Concepts of Conservation.- In report of 2^nd EUROCARE Market Place Conference, 14-16 December 1992. Institute of Conservation, University of Goteborg, Sweden. ISSN GU/KUV - 93/23 - SE.
   
9. 
   AIC Ethics and Standards Committee Supplement Number 4. Documentation.- In: AIC News, March 1992, 1-8 pp. ISBN 91-85198-064.
   
10. 
    Nara Document on Authenticity.- In: Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Conservation. Proceedings. Ed. by Knut E. Larsen. UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS, 1995.
    
11. 
    Venice Charter.- II-nd International Congress of Historic Monuments: Decisions and Resolutions, Venice, 1964.
    
12. 
    Brandi C. Teoria del Restauro.- Ediz. Storia e letteratura, Roma, 1963.
    
13. 
    UNESCO Conventions and Recommendations of UNESCO Concerning the Protection of the Cultural Heritage.- UNESCO, Paris, 1985.
    

Chemistry and technology of silicate materials

ĶST 551