“chemical engineering”

Chemistry and physics of polymers

ĶPI 421

Professor Mārtiņš Kalniņš

Course description: 5Credit units; 80 hours (48 lectures, 32 laboratories)

Control forms: exam
Course content:

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  General conceptions. High-molecular compounds. Polymers. Macromolecule. Specific features of macromolecules and polymer matter. Importance of polymers in modern technology. Principles of name formation and classification of polymers.
  
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  General characteristic of formation of high-molecular compounds.
  
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  Polymerization. Polymerization ( P ) as chain reactions. Main stages of P : initiation, growth of chain, termination and transfer of chain. Polymerization monomers. Nature of active centers of P : free radicals and ions. Free-radical polymerization. Ion polymerization ( IP ). Ion-co-ordination polymerization. Technology of polymerization: Block-polymerization, polymerization in solution, emulsion polymerization , suspension polymerization.
  
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  Polycondensation ( PC ), step polymerization. General characteristic of P. Reactions with and without condensation of low-molecular compounds. Monomers. Classes of PC polymers. Side reactions of PC. Kinetics of PC. Technology of polycondensation: in melt state, in solution and on the interface.
  
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  Polymeranalogous reactions (PAR).Characteristics of heterogeneity of products of PAR.
  
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  Macromolecular reactions ( MR ). General characteristic of MR : interconnections of destruction, branching and cross-linking.
  
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  Synthesis of copolymers.
  
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  Aging and stabilization of polymers.
  
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  Macromolecules. Configuration of macromolecules. levels of configuration. Conformations of chains. Change of conformations, flexibility of chains.
  
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  Macromolecule systems. Main intermolecular forces. Specific interconnection of intermolecular and covalent bonds. Types of break of macromolecular systems : plastic, brittle. Deformation of chain systems: high-elasticity, elasticity and flow. Importance of these types of deformation. Specific features of structure of macromolecular systems. States of aggregation and phase states. Short- and long-range order. Specific volume, free volume (discrete, continuos). Crystallization and glass-transition. Influence of structure and flexibility of chains on the crystallization ability of polymer. Conformations of chains in crystalline and amorphous states. Domains. Net-work type structure of macromolecular systems. Relaxation processes in macromolecular systems. Relaxation time, time of coercion. Temperature - time equivalence of relaxation processes.
  
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  Deformative states of amorphous polymers. Thermomechanical test. Glassy, high-elastic and viscous-flow states. Structural and mechanical glass-transition. Dependence of transition temperatures on characteristics of macromolecules.
  
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  Deformative characteristics and strength of amorphous polymers. Stress, deformation, time - main variables. Principles of investigation of strength-deformation characteristics: creep, stress relaxation, dynamometry. Modeling of elemental types of deformation . Creep and stress relaxation of high- elastic polymers. Strength and failure of high-elastic polymers. Change of structure during deformation; orientation effects. Strength-deformation characteristics of glassy polymers. Durability of glassy polymers as function of stress and test temperature values. Viscous-flow state : anomalous behavior of polymeric liquids.
  
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  Crystalline state of polymers. General characteristics of crystallization. Nucleus formation, growth of crystalline regions. Defects and crystallization. Types of crystalline regions. Influence of cooling prehistory on the crystallization. Dependence of melting temperature on characteristics of macromolecules. Strength - deformation characteristics of crystalline polymers. Control of crystallization process.
  
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  Interaction of polymers with gaseous and liquid media. Sorption and permeability. Diffusion as function of polymer structure. Solution and swelling of polymers. Influence of polymer and solvent nature on solving. Methods of evaluation of quality of solvent. Methods of determination of average molecular weight of polymers. Methods of fractionation and determination of molecular weight distribution.
  

Literature:

1.	F. W. Billmeyer.	Textbook of Polymer Science, , 3-rd Edition, Wiley, 1984, 578 pp.
2.	M. Kalnins.	Polimçru fizikâlâ íîmija (Physical Chemistry of Polymers), in Latvian, Riga, Zvaigzne,1988, 242 pp.
3.	L.H.Sperling.	Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 2-nd ed.,1992, 594 pp.
2.	M. Kalnins, E. Neimanis, V.Kalkis.	Lielmolekulârie savienojumi (High-Molecular Compounds). in Latvian, Riga, Zvaigzne,1981,339pp.
3	G. S. Misra	Introductory Polymer Chemistry, Wiley, 1993, 253 pp.
4.	K. Kircher	Chemical Reactions in Plastic Processing, Hanser Publishers, 1987, 214 pp.
5.	J. M. G. Cowie	Polymers: Chemistry & Physics of Modern Materials, 2-nd Edit., 1993, Blackie Academic & Professional
6.	D.W. van Krevelen	Properties of Polymers, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1999, 875 pp.
7.	В.Р. Говарикер, Н.В. Висванатхан, Дж. Шридхар	Полимеры, М., Наука, 1990, с. 396
8.	Г.М. Бартенев, С.Я. Френкель	Физика полимеров, Л. Химия, 1990, с 429
9.	А.А. Аскадский, Ю.И. Матвеев	Химическое строение и физические свойства полимеров, М., Химия, 1983, с. 248

Technology of polymer materials